Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ElviraFIN 4263
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles41.9°41.9°40.1°39.8°40.0°39.9°39.9°40.1°41.1°
Beat VMG2.373.183.744.084.264.344.394.414.34
52°3.604.755.485.916.126.236.296.346.33
60°3.784.965.696.096.296.416.486.556.56
75°3.915.115.846.246.466.616.726.856.91
90°3.785.045.896.326.536.716.867.087.24
110°3.805.095.976.436.726.957.117.337.44
120°3.634.925.846.376.706.977.207.607.83
135°3.234.445.406.126.536.847.127.658.24
150°2.653.794.795.626.226.586.877.418.00
Run VMG2.293.284.164.905.586.086.457.007.51
Gybe Angles147.4°147.4°152.5°155.6°163.5°170.9°178.1°178.6°178.6°
APH ToD:638.4CDL: 6.980APH ToT: 0.9398CertNo:
BOAT
ClassCOMFORTINA 32DesignerKenneth AlbinssonBuilderComfortbåtar ABAge date01/1985Series date01/1981Offset fileCOMF32.OFFData fileFIN4263
HULL
Length Overall9.311 mMaximum Beam3.304 mDraft1.769 mDisplacement4,900 kgDLR10.8129IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.610%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.420m
CREW
Maximum weight140 kg(declared)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail28.4728.83Headsail Luffed25.4525.45Headsail FlyingSymmetric62.5762.57Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.71Storm Jib6.69Heavy Weather Jib18.06
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ElviraFIN 4263
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1522.01133.0961.8882.5845.7829.8820.5816.3829.6
52°999.1758.1656.7608.8588.0577.7572.2567.7568.7
60°951.3725.5632.8591.3572.0561.3555.4549.9549.1
75°920.8704.1616.2577.3557.0544.4535.4525.4521.0
90°952.9713.8611.5569.3551.4536.9525.1508.3497.3
110°948.5707.2603.1559.7535.6518.3506.2491.4484.0
120°991.5731.8616.4565.1537.4516.8500.0474.0459.7
135°1115.0810.7666.9588.2551.3526.6505.9470.5436.7
150°1356.9950.7752.0640.3579.2547.2524.0485.5450.1
Run VMG1572.41097.8866.3734.0645.4592.0557.8514.1479.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1544.61115.4914.0808.3745.6710.9689.2665.2654.6
All purpose1178.5867.0725.7655.5618.3597.1582.7564.2554.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward776.80.7724
All purpose638.40.9398
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6678
Downwind "popa"0.8387
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7113
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7789
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Predominantly Upwind692.50.8664
Predominantly Downwind640.30.9370
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low796.30.7534
Triple Number AP Medium634.40.9457
Triple Number AP High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1057.40.5674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Single Number Predominant Upwind717.10.8367
Single Number Predominant Reaching633.90.9465
Single Number Predominant Downwind667.40.8990
Predominant Upwind - Low948.10.6329
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med747.40.8027
Predominant Upwind - Medium673.80.8904
Predominant Upwind - Med/High638.40.9398
Predominant Upwind - High625.00.9600
Predominant Downwind Low954.50.6286
Predominant Downwind Low/Med718.20.8355
Predominant Downwind Medium619.10.9691
Predominant Downwind Med/High560.81.0700
Predominant Downwind High529.61.1330
Predominant Reaching Low852.90.7035
Predominant Reaching Low/Med666.20.9006
Predominant Reaching Medium595.81.0071
Predominant Reaching Med/High556.31.0785
Predominant Reaching High534.51.1225
SA/DSPL Upwind18.60SA/DSPL Downwind31.39
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1173.00.5115
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med881.50.6806
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium759.60.7899
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High693.50.8651
5-Band Windward/Leeward High667.50.8989
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1175.90.5103
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med893.60.6714
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium779.00.7702
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High719.50.8339
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High697.90.8598
5-Band AP Low874.60.6860
5-Band AP Low/Med705.90.8500
5-Band AP Medium626.90.9571
5-Band AP Med/High585.01.0256
5-Band AP High565.71.0607
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1017.50.5897
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med846.10.7092
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium738.40.8126
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High682.00.8797
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High659.00.9105
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8143
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8438
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8693
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6326
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6372
Harvest Moon Regatta558.91.0736
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance692.0
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating692.00.8670
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1152.60.8676
FinRating, kova tuuli569.40.8781
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)711.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.6
Predominantly Upwind692.5
Predominantly Downwind640.3
Predominantly Reaching619.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8751
Coastal/Long Distance0.8670
Predominantly Upwind0.8664
Predominantly Downwind0.9370
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)711.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9398
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7534
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9458
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0356
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5913
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7774
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8751
Motvind Singeltall0.8664
Medvind Singeltall0.9370
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind692.50.8664
Predominantly Downwind640.30.9370
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore657.80.9122
Cape Doctor Coastal557.11.0770
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8751
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8751
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Predominantly Upwind692.50.8664
Predominantly Downwind640.30.9370
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance692.00.8670
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low796.40.7534
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium634.40.9458
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1014.70.5913
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1634.01113.6861.8733.1659.0619.3588.3539.2527.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low796.30.7534
Triple Number AP Medium634.40.9457
Triple Number AP High579.41.0356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1057.40.5674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium771.80.7774
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High685.60.8751
Single Number Predominant Upwind717.10.8367
Single Number Predominant Reaching633.90.9465
Single Number Predominant Downwind667.40.8990
Predominant Upwind - Low948.10.6329
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med747.40.8027
Predominant Upwind - Medium673.80.8904
Predominant Upwind - Med/High638.40.9398
Predominant Upwind - High625.00.9600
Predominant Downwind Low954.50.6286
Predominant Downwind Low/Med718.20.8355
Predominant Downwind Medium619.10.9691
Predominant Downwind Med/High560.81.0700
Predominant Downwind High529.61.1330
Predominant Reaching Low852.90.7035
Predominant Reaching Low/Med666.20.9006
Predominant Reaching Medium595.81.0071
Predominant Reaching Med/High556.31.0785
Predominant Reaching High534.51.1225
SA/DSPL Upwind18.60SA/DSPL Downwind31.39
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1173.00.5115
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med881.50.6806
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium759.60.7899
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High693.50.8651
5-Band Windward/Leeward High667.50.8989
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1175.90.5103
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med893.60.6714
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium779.00.7702
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High719.50.8339
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High697.90.8598
5-Band AP Low874.60.6860
5-Band AP Low/Med705.90.8500
5-Band AP Medium626.90.9571
5-Band AP Med/High585.01.0256
5-Band AP High565.71.0607
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1017.50.5897
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med846.10.7092
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium738.40.8126
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High682.00.8797
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High659.00.9105
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8143
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8438
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8693
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6326
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6372
Harvest Moon Regatta558.91.0736
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ElviraFIN 4263
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassCOMFORTINA 32MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.311Max. Beam3.304Draft1.769Displacement4,900Wetted area20.15IMS L7.724LSM07.680Acc. length9.311Sink (kg/mm) 14.45
VCGD0.022VCGM0.046RM Rated (kg·m) 76.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weight140
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.420PBWPIPA0.0007
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionInner stayMast materialSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstaysCheckstaysSpreadersRotating mastNo
P12.600IG11.500ISP11.500MDT10.115MDL10.170MDT2MDL2TL1.400MW0.170GO0.190
E3.950J3.550BAS1.500FSDSFJ0.000SPL3.550WPLTPSBD0.130MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date22/05/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
ElviraFIN 4263
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.140.781.412.413.1728.4730/04/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentGenoa0.070.601.152.313.544.8510.74NoNo 25.4530/04/2025
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentS211.4811.4811.486.646.1462.5730/04/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.3 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.65 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity66 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity36 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.