Double HandedClub Certificate2025
SuvihuviFin 7508
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.7°42.7°41.1°40.2°39.7°39.3°39.1°39.3°40.9°
Beat VMG2.783.724.334.654.804.894.944.964.83
52°4.305.626.416.766.927.007.057.117.07
60°4.565.896.646.977.127.207.267.337.33
75°4.736.086.807.157.357.477.557.697.74
90°4.605.986.797.207.467.667.818.038.19
110°4.195.686.727.257.587.807.978.278.50
120°4.045.526.617.217.597.938.238.638.99
135°3.524.946.106.937.417.808.189.0110.19
150°2.844.095.236.247.007.457.848.649.76
Run VMG2.463.544.535.416.196.787.237.978.74
Gybe Angles138.3°138.3°149.4°151.2°158.2°166.6°174.1°177.2°171.8°
APH ToD:564.5CDL: 8.781APH ToT: 1.0629CertNo:
BOAT
ClassSirena 38DesignerHåkan SödergrenBuilderAge dateSeries date05/1988Offset fileL5530.BOFData fileFIN7508
HULL
Length Overall11.620 mMaximum Beam3.134 mDraft1.776 mDisplacement5,425 kgDLR6.2515IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.030%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.408m
CREW
Maximum weight180 kg(declared)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail38.3339.07Headsail Luffed40.2140.21Headsail FlyingSymmetric84.5984.59Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.27Storm Jib8.07Heavy Weather Jib21.78
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
SuvihuviFin 7508
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1293.0968.6830.5775.0749.3736.5728.6725.1745.7
52°837.4640.4561.9532.5520.6514.5510.4506.6509.1
60°789.8610.8542.4516.3505.5499.8495.6491.0491.3
75°761.4592.3529.2503.6489.9482.1476.6468.2464.9
90°782.3601.7530.5500.0482.7470.3460.7448.2439.6
110°859.7634.0535.3496.5475.2461.5451.5435.4423.4
120°891.8652.2545.0499.5474.1454.1437.3417.0400.3
135°1022.2729.0589.7519.7485.9461.6440.0399.8353.2
150°1268.1880.0688.0576.5514.3483.3459.4416.5368.8
Run VMG1466.31016.2794.4665.2581.3531.2498.1451.9412.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1376.6992.4812.5720.1665.3633.8613.3588.5578.8
All purpose1034.7761.2638.1579.8547.9529.2515.9497.3485.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward692.00.8670
All purpose564.51.0629
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7617
Downwind "popa"0.9255
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8044
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8694
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Predominantly Upwind609.60.9843
Predominantly Downwind568.01.0564
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low699.60.8576
Triple Number AP Medium561.41.0687
Triple Number AP High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low940.90.6377
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Single Number Predominant Upwind629.90.9526
Single Number Predominant Reaching556.41.0784
Single Number Predominant Downwind592.51.0127
Predominant Upwind - Low817.30.7341
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med652.70.9192
Predominant Upwind - Medium595.11.0083
Predominant Upwind - Med/High565.81.0604
Predominant Upwind - High553.41.0842
Predominant Downwind Low853.70.7029
Predominant Downwind Low/Med639.20.9387
Predominant Downwind Medium549.61.0916
Predominant Downwind Med/High494.81.2126
Predominant Downwind High462.01.2986
Predominant Reaching Low741.60.8090
Predominant Reaching Low/Med584.31.0269
Predominant Reaching Medium525.01.1428
Predominant Reaching Med/High489.81.2251
Predominant Reaching High468.21.2816
SA/DSPL Upwind25.30SA/DSPL Downwind39.59
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1044.20.5746
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med784.70.7646
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium677.10.8861
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High617.00.9725
5-Band Windward/Leeward High591.11.0150
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1038.40.5778
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.60.7580
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.00.8658
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.80.9378
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High618.80.9697
5-Band AP Low769.30.7799
5-Band AP Low/Med622.30.9641
5-Band AP Medium554.91.0813
5-Band AP Med/High517.71.1589
5-Band AP High498.51.2035
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low900.20.6665
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med749.70.8003
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium655.90.9147
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High604.80.9921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High581.61.0317
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9285
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9561
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9775
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7167
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7234
Harvest Moon Regatta491.41.2209
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance613.5
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating613.50.9779
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1024.40.9762
FinRating, kova tuuli501.80.9964
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)627.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.1
Predominantly Upwind609.6
Predominantly Downwind568.0
Predominantly Reaching545.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9850
Coastal/Long Distance0.9779
Predominantly Upwind0.9843
Predominantly Downwind1.0564
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)627.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0629
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8576
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0688
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1712
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6649
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8721
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9850
Motvind Singeltall0.9843
Medvind Singeltall1.0564
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind609.60.9843
Predominantly Downwind568.01.0564
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore581.71.0314
Cape Doctor Coastal489.21.2265
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9850
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9850
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Predominantly Upwind609.60.9843
Predominantly Downwind568.01.0564
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance613.50.9779
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low699.60.8576
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium561.41.0688
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1471.1994.7765.3650.9584.4548.7520.1476.0463.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low699.60.8576
Triple Number AP Medium561.41.0687
Triple Number AP High512.31.1712
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low940.90.6377
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium688.00.8721
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High609.10.9850
Single Number Predominant Upwind629.90.9526
Single Number Predominant Reaching556.41.0784
Single Number Predominant Downwind592.51.0127
Predominant Upwind - Low817.30.7341
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med652.70.9192
Predominant Upwind - Medium595.11.0083
Predominant Upwind - Med/High565.81.0604
Predominant Upwind - High553.41.0842
Predominant Downwind Low853.70.7029
Predominant Downwind Low/Med639.20.9387
Predominant Downwind Medium549.61.0916
Predominant Downwind Med/High494.81.2126
Predominant Downwind High462.01.2986
Predominant Reaching Low741.60.8090
Predominant Reaching Low/Med584.31.0269
Predominant Reaching Medium525.01.1428
Predominant Reaching Med/High489.81.2251
Predominant Reaching High468.21.2816
SA/DSPL Upwind25.30SA/DSPL Downwind39.59
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1044.20.5746
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med784.70.7646
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium677.10.8861
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High617.00.9725
5-Band Windward/Leeward High591.11.0150
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1038.40.5778
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med791.60.7580
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.00.8658
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.80.9378
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High618.80.9697
5-Band AP Low769.30.7799
5-Band AP Low/Med622.30.9641
5-Band AP Medium554.91.0813
5-Band AP Med/High517.71.1589
5-Band AP High498.51.2035
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low900.20.6665
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med749.70.8003
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium655.90.9147
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High604.80.9921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High581.61.0317
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9285
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9561
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9775
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7167
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7234
Harvest Moon Regatta491.41.2209
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
SuvihuviFin 7508
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSirena 38MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.620Max. Beam3.134Draft1.776Displacement5,425Wetted area23.71IMS L9.618LSM09.537Acc. length10.185Sink (kg/mm) 17.28
VCGD-0.173VCGM-0.131RM Rated (kg·m) 96.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weight180
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.408PBW0.105PIPA0.0037
EDL1.300ST10.080ST20.150
ST30.150ST40.100ST50.280
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.700IG12.700ISP12.750MDT10.110MDL10.160MDT20.090MDL20.115TL2.000MWGO
E4.700J4.160BAS1.400FSDFoilSFJSPL4.060WPLTPS0.000BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date08/04/2020
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
SuvihuviFin 7508
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment30.160.981.763.053.9438.33Yellow10.150.871.562.793.7636.11white
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment16.2312.68NoNo 40.2130/08/2020Grey & yellow
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment112.8012.8012.808.007.6584.5930/08/2020All white
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.2 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.72 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity84 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity54 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.