Double HandedClub Certificate2025
BellefanttiFIN12097
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.3°43.3°41.2°40.2°39.6°39.7°39.8°40.6°42.3°
Beat VMG2.453.344.004.414.634.714.754.724.60
52°3.815.085.936.416.656.766.816.846.81
60°4.055.356.176.616.846.967.027.077.08
75°4.235.546.346.767.017.187.297.417.49
90°4.125.466.326.787.067.287.457.717.88
110°3.865.276.306.867.207.477.718.018.25
120°3.695.086.136.787.167.457.728.328.72
135°3.234.535.616.436.947.297.608.259.15
150°2.663.864.945.846.536.997.327.948.67
Run VMG2.313.344.285.095.796.376.827.468.05
Gybe Angles146.5°146.5°151.0°154.6°160.6°167.3°176.3°178.6°178.6°
APH ToD:597.0CDL: 7.997APH ToT: 1.0051CertNo:
BOAT
ClassFirst 35 s5DesignerBerret/StarckBuilderBeneteauAge date01/1989Series date01/1989Offset fileE220.OFFData fileFIN12097
HULL
Length Overall10.446 mMaximum Beam3.572 mDraft1.881 mDisplacement5,400 kgDLR9.7402IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.390%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.330m
CREW
Maximum weight200 kg(declared)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.3133.91Headsail Luffed31.8231.82Headsail FlyingSymmetric63.0763.07Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.01Storm Jib8.12Heavy Weather Jib21.92
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
BellefanttiFIN12097
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1472.11079.0900.4815.7777.7764.0758.1762.1781.9
52°945.6709.0607.0561.2541.0532.7528.6526.2528.7
60°888.7673.4583.6544.8526.4517.4513.1508.9508.8
75°851.3649.5567.4532.2513.3501.4493.7485.6480.9
90°873.0659.5569.8530.6509.6494.8483.2467.0456.8
110°932.8682.8571.2524.6500.1482.1467.0449.7436.3
120°976.3709.4587.0530.6502.9483.5466.1432.6412.7
135°1113.9794.4641.4560.0518.6493.6473.9436.3393.2
150°1352.3933.6728.6615.9551.0515.4491.7453.5415.3
Run VMG1561.61078.0840.8706.9621.2564.8527.8482.6447.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1514.81078.5870.6761.3699.5664.4642.9622.4614.7
All purpose1142.2829.9685.6614.2576.1554.8540.8523.7513.1
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward731.40.8204
All purpose597.01.0051
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7171
Downwind "popa"0.8710
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7572
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8183
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Predominantly Upwind644.20.9313
Predominantly Downwind605.00.9917
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low757.70.7918
Triple Number AP Medium592.71.0124
Triple Number AP High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1017.90.5895
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.50.8963
Single Number Predominant Reaching593.71.0107
Single Number Predominant Downwind632.70.9483
Predominant Upwind - Low901.60.6654
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med699.50.8578
Predominant Upwind - Medium625.00.9600
Predominant Upwind - Med/High591.51.0144
Predominant Upwind - High580.81.0331
Predominant Downwind Low924.80.6488
Predominant Downwind Low/Med684.50.8766
Predominant Downwind Medium583.61.0281
Predominant Downwind Med/High524.21.1445
Predominant Downwind High492.41.2186
Predominant Reaching Low811.90.7390
Predominant Reaching Low/Med627.00.9569
Predominant Reaching Medium555.51.0800
Predominant Reaching Med/High516.11.1626
Predominant Reaching High494.51.2132
SA/DSPL Upwind21.04SA/DSPL Downwind31.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1136.10.5281
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med837.40.7165
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium713.40.8410
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High647.90.9261
5-Band Windward/Leeward High624.60.9606
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1135.40.5284
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med845.70.7095
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium728.80.8233
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High670.60.8948
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High652.60.9194
5-Band AP Low837.60.7164
5-Band AP Low/Med665.50.9016
5-Band AP Medium585.11.0256
5-Band AP Med/High543.31.1044
5-Band AP High524.81.1432
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low979.20.6127
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med801.60.7485
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium691.20.8681
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.60.9440
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High615.20.9753
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8713
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8962
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9149
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6607
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6663
Harvest Moon Regatta520.61.1525
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance648.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating648.80.9247
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1116.10.8960
FinRating, kova tuuli527.80.9472
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)667.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.6
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.6
Predominantly Upwind644.2
Predominantly Downwind605.0
Predominantly Reaching581.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Coastal/Long Distance0.9247
Predominantly Upwind0.9313
Predominantly Downwind0.9917
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)667.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0051
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7918
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0125
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1154
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6157
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8269
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9366
Motvind Singeltall0.9313
Medvind Singeltall0.9917
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind644.20.9313
Predominantly Downwind605.00.9917
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore617.00.9725
Cape Doctor Coastal516.31.1621
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Predominantly Upwind644.20.9313
Predominantly Downwind605.00.9917
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance648.80.9247
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low757.80.7918
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium592.61.0125
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low974.50.6157
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1612.91078.5819.9688.8614.5575.9546.5498.6486.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low757.70.7918
Triple Number AP Medium592.71.0124
Triple Number AP High537.91.1154
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1017.90.5895
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium725.60.8269
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Single Number Predominant Upwind669.50.8963
Single Number Predominant Reaching593.71.0107
Single Number Predominant Downwind632.70.9483
Predominant Upwind - Low901.60.6654
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med699.50.8578
Predominant Upwind - Medium625.00.9600
Predominant Upwind - Med/High591.51.0144
Predominant Upwind - High580.81.0331
Predominant Downwind Low924.80.6488
Predominant Downwind Low/Med684.50.8766
Predominant Downwind Medium583.61.0281
Predominant Downwind Med/High524.21.1445
Predominant Downwind High492.41.2186
Predominant Reaching Low811.90.7390
Predominant Reaching Low/Med627.00.9569
Predominant Reaching Medium555.51.0800
Predominant Reaching Med/High516.11.1626
Predominant Reaching High494.51.2132
SA/DSPL Upwind21.04SA/DSPL Downwind31.14
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1136.10.5281
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med837.40.7165
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium713.40.8410
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High647.90.9261
5-Band Windward/Leeward High624.60.9606
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1135.40.5284
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med845.70.7095
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium728.80.8233
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High670.60.8948
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High652.60.9194
5-Band AP Low837.60.7164
5-Band AP Low/Med665.50.9016
5-Band AP Medium585.11.0256
5-Band AP Med/High543.31.1044
5-Band AP High524.81.1432
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low979.20.6127
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med801.60.7485
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium691.20.8681
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.60.9440
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High615.20.9753
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8713
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8962
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9149
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6607
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6663
Harvest Moon Regatta520.61.1525
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
BellefanttiFIN12097
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFirst 35 s5Measurement01/06/2021HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.446Max. Beam3.572Draft1.881Displacement5,400Wetted area22.65IMS L8.620LSM08.214Acc. length10.446Sink (kg/mm) 17.04
VCGD0.043VCGM0.078RM Rated (kg·m) 106.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weight200
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.330PBWPIPA0.0011
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.700IG12.740ISP12.740MDT10.100MDL10.170MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.500J3.270BAS1.470FSDFoilSFJSPL3.600WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date01/06/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
BellefanttiFIN12097
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.150.861.582.793.8033.31
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.032.405.2412.33NoNo 31.82
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment112.4012.4012.406.205.7263.07
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.4 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity88 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity58 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.