Double HandedClub Certificate2025
Blue CocktailFIN10845
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.0°44.0°41.9°41.3°40.6°40.3°40.4°40.7°42.3°
Beat VMG2.563.494.184.574.764.854.874.874.72
52°4.015.356.246.726.947.047.077.127.03
60°4.275.636.496.947.177.277.317.377.35
75°4.455.836.667.127.377.547.637.757.81
90°4.345.736.627.137.447.667.858.118.26
110°4.035.516.607.227.587.848.018.298.50
120°3.905.366.477.167.577.918.228.648.96
135°3.444.836.006.857.377.758.118.869.78
150°2.854.115.266.226.957.417.788.509.36
Run VMG2.473.564.555.406.136.727.187.878.53
Gybe Angles145.3°145.3°149.8°152.8°158.3°165.1°171.6°177.2°176.3°
APH ToD:569.6CDL: 8.799APH ToT: 1.0535CertNo:
BOAT
ClassFinngulf 38DesignerHåkan SödergrenBuilderFinngulf YachtsAge date01/1994Series date01/1994Offset fileFINNGULF38-SD.offData fileFIN10845
HULL
Length Overall11.600 mMaximum Beam3.474 mDraft1.648 mDisplacement6,400 kgDLR6.9609IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.210%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 3 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight165 kg(declared)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.8434.44Headsail Luffed43.2143.21Headsail FlyingSymmetric91.5491.54Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail10.23Storm Jib10.81Heavy Weather Jib29.18
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
Blue CocktailFIN10845
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1405.81030.7861.9787.8756.7742.6739.5739.4762.7
52°897.6673.4577.2535.5518.7511.4509.0506.0512.3
60°843.9639.6554.7518.5502.2495.3492.6488.2490.1
75°808.8618.0540.4505.9488.3477.5471.5464.3460.8
90°830.4628.6543.8504.9484.0469.7458.7443.9435.9
110°894.4653.4545.1498.8475.2459.1449.3434.1423.5
120°923.4671.4556.1503.0475.6455.3438.2416.7401.7
135°1046.5744.6600.3525.3488.2464.2443.6406.4367.9
150°1263.4875.3684.9578.8518.2485.6462.8423.8384.6
Run VMG1458.81010.7790.9666.4587.4535.9501.7457.4421.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1430.61020.7826.4727.1672.1639.2620.6598.4592.3
All purpose1081.7786.8650.9584.9550.5530.4518.3501.3493.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward700.50.8565
All purpose569.61.0535
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7422
Downwind "popa"0.9230
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7886
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8601
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9722
Predominantly Downwind573.11.0470
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low718.80.8347
Triple Number AP Medium565.41.0612
Triple Number AP High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low964.50.6221
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Single Number Predominant Upwind640.80.9363
Single Number Predominant Reaching563.81.0643
Single Number Predominant Downwind598.91.0018
Predominant Upwind - Low856.50.7005
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med667.20.8993
Predominant Upwind - Medium599.51.0008
Predominant Upwind - Med/High569.11.0544
Predominant Upwind - High558.61.0741
Predominant Downwind Low871.10.6888
Predominant Downwind Low/Med646.70.9279
Predominant Downwind Medium553.41.0842
Predominant Downwind Med/High497.91.2051
Predominant Downwind High467.01.2847
Predominant Reaching Low768.50.7808
Predominant Reaching Low/Med594.61.0090
Predominant Reaching Medium528.11.1361
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.01.2220
Predominant Reaching High470.41.2755
SA/DSPL Upwind22.22SA/DSPL Downwind36.15
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1075.00.5581
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med797.20.7526
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium684.30.8769
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High624.30.9610
5-Band Windward/Leeward High601.20.9980
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1076.50.5574
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med806.80.7437
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium700.80.8562
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High647.70.9263
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High629.60.9529
5-Band AP Low793.00.7566
5-Band AP Low/Med632.80.9481
5-Band AP Medium558.51.0743
5-Band AP Med/High520.21.1535
5-Band AP High502.81.1934
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low927.90.6466
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med763.40.7860
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium662.80.9053
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High611.80.9808
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High591.51.0143
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9108
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9417
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9670
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6966
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7022
Harvest Moon Regatta493.61.2156
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance619.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating619.10.9691
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1055.60.9473
FinRating, kova tuuli505.90.9882
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)636.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.1
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.0
Predominantly Upwind617.2
Predominantly Downwind573.1
Predominantly Reaching551.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9725
Coastal/Long Distance0.9691
Predominantly Upwind0.9722
Predominantly Downwind1.0470
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)636.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0535
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8347
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0613
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1652
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6497
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8632
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9725
Motvind Singeltall0.9722
Medvind Singeltall1.0470
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9722
Predominantly Downwind573.11.0470
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore594.11.0099
Cape Doctor Coastal495.51.2110
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9725
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9725
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9722
Predominantly Downwind573.11.0470
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance619.10.9691
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.80.8347
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low923.50.6497
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1519.91019.7778.1656.9587.9550.5522.5477.1467.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low718.80.8347
Triple Number AP Medium565.41.0612
Triple Number AP High514.91.1652
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low964.50.6221
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.10.8632
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High617.00.9725
Single Number Predominant Upwind640.80.9363
Single Number Predominant Reaching563.81.0643
Single Number Predominant Downwind598.91.0018
Predominant Upwind - Low856.50.7005
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med667.20.8993
Predominant Upwind - Medium599.51.0008
Predominant Upwind - Med/High569.11.0544
Predominant Upwind - High558.61.0741
Predominant Downwind Low871.10.6888
Predominant Downwind Low/Med646.70.9279
Predominant Downwind Medium553.41.0842
Predominant Downwind Med/High497.91.2051
Predominant Downwind High467.01.2847
Predominant Reaching Low768.50.7808
Predominant Reaching Low/Med594.61.0090
Predominant Reaching Medium528.11.1361
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.01.2220
Predominant Reaching High470.41.2755
SA/DSPL Upwind22.22SA/DSPL Downwind36.15
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1075.00.5581
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med797.20.7526
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium684.30.8769
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High624.30.9610
5-Band Windward/Leeward High601.20.9980
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1076.50.5574
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med806.80.7437
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium700.80.8562
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High647.70.9263
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High629.60.9529
5-Band AP Low793.00.7566
5-Band AP Low/Med632.80.9481
5-Band AP Medium558.51.0743
5-Band AP Med/High520.21.1535
5-Band AP High502.81.1934
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low927.90.6466
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med763.40.7860
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium662.80.9053
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High611.80.9808
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High591.51.0143
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9108
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9417
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9670
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6966
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7022
Harvest Moon Regatta493.61.2156
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
Blue CocktailFIN10845
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassFinngulf 38MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.600Max. Beam3.474Draft1.648Displacement6,400Wetted area26.54IMS L9.811LSM09.723Acc. length11.290Sink (kg/mm) 19.57
VCGD-0.143VCGM-0.010RM Rated (kg·m) 135.2Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weight165
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 3 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBW0.100PIPA0.0006
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionFixedInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.700IG14.700ISP14.700MDT10.116MDL10.180MDT20.116MDL20.180TLMWGO
E4.600J4.190BAS1.457FSDSFJSPL4.170WPLTPS0.000BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date18/02/2020
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
Blue CocktailFIN10845
Avomeripurjehtijat ry
c/o Mainoskauppa Oy
Melkonkatu 16 B
00210 HELSINKI
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment30.300.971.652.823.7433.842024, DCX
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentG10.100.741.432.914.486.0514.52NoNo 43.2119/05/2022MAXX LM
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment114.5014.5014.507.607.4891.5426/05/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.3 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.78 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity133 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity76 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.