Club Certificate2025
MONEYPENNYGER 8398
Deutscher Segler Verband e.V.
Soling 16
24159 Kiel Schilksee
technik@dsv.org
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.8°43.8°41.7°40.0°38.8°39.0°39.0°39.7°41.9°
Beat VMG2.353.274.024.574.895.015.075.074.90
52°3.685.015.986.626.987.147.217.267.20
60°3.935.296.236.827.177.377.467.547.51
75°4.105.486.426.977.337.647.868.078.14
90°3.965.416.497.107.397.698.028.578.84
110°4.025.526.647.277.758.178.458.939.27
120°3.875.356.497.187.708.218.729.5310.22
135°3.384.795.986.837.397.908.439.7712.30
150°2.794.055.216.196.927.437.908.9810.56
Run VMG2.423.514.515.386.116.707.178.059.15
Gybe Angles145.3°145.3°149.2°152.8°158.5°165.3°169.6°168.7°141.6°
APH ToD:566.9CDL: 8.628APH ToT: 1.0584CertNo:173333
BOAT
ClassSUN FAST 3200DesignerANDRIEUBuilderJEANNEAUAge date01/2008Series date01/2007Offset fileSUNFAST3200.OFFData fileGER8398
HULL
Length Overall9.794 mMaximum Beam3.444 mDraft1.910 mDisplacement3,569 kgDLR5.3221IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.180%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.385m
CREW
Maximum weight350 kg(declared)Minimum weight220 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail30.8231.58Headsail Luffed23.5523.55Headsail FlyingSymmetric74.2474.24Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.78Storm Jib8.44Heavy Weather Jib22.77
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MONEYPENNYGER 8398
Deutscher Segler Verband e.V.
Soling 16
24159 Kiel Schilksee
technik@dsv.org
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1534.81102.1896.6788.5736.7718.9710.6710.6734.7
52°977.3719.2601.9543.6515.7504.4499.3496.1499.8
60°915.1680.9577.4528.0502.2488.6482.3477.2479.6
75°877.5656.8561.2516.6490.9471.4457.9446.3442.2
90°909.9665.3554.7506.9487.4468.2448.8420.2407.3
110°896.3652.1542.1494.9464.4440.4426.0403.3388.5
120°930.7672.6554.4501.1467.7438.6412.7377.6352.2
135°1065.5751.4601.6527.1487.2455.8427.1368.4292.6
150°1290.5888.7691.1581.6520.3484.8455.5400.8340.8
Run VMG1490.31026.1798.0669.6589.6537.2501.8447.4393.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1511.51064.1847.3729.0663.1628.1606.2579.0564.1
All purpose1142.9818.7665.6587.6545.4520.4502.8478.0460.9
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward697.90.8598
All purpose566.91.0584
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7415
Downwind "popa"0.9191
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7871
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8575
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9721
Predominantly Downwind573.71.0459
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low742.10.8085
Triple Number AP Medium563.31.0652
Triple Number AP High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.60.6003
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Single Number Predominant Upwind644.10.9316
Single Number Predominant Reaching565.51.0610
Single Number Predominant Downwind599.31.0011
Predominant Upwind - Low906.20.6621
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med682.00.8798
Predominant Upwind - Medium595.41.0077
Predominant Upwind - Med/High553.91.0832
Predominant Upwind - High537.21.1168
Predominant Downwind Low897.20.6687
Predominant Downwind Low/Med654.50.9168
Predominant Downwind Medium552.41.0862
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.91.2322
Predominant Downwind High442.81.3551
Predominant Reaching Low802.80.7474
Predominant Reaching Low/Med604.50.9926
Predominant Reaching Medium527.11.1383
Predominant Reaching Med/High478.61.2537
Predominant Reaching High445.51.3468
SA/DSPL Upwind23.18SA/DSPL Downwind44.80
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1122.00.5347
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.40.7404
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium678.90.8838
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High610.10.9835
5-Band Windward/Leeward High581.11.0325
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1129.40.5313
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med821.30.7305
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.80.8648
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High630.90.9510
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High607.90.9871
5-Band AP Low822.40.7295
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9333
5-Band AP Medium554.71.0817
5-Band AP Med/High505.21.1878
5-Band AP High479.31.2518
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low965.10.6217
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med775.90.7733
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium656.40.9140
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High594.81.0088
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High567.21.0578
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9017
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9343
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9622
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6735
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6780
Harvest Moon Regatta486.51.2334
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance616.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating616.80.9728
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1102.60.9070
FinRating, kova tuuli481.41.0386
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)639.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.4
Predominantly Upwind617.2
Predominantly Downwind573.7
Predominantly Reaching551.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9976
Coastal/Long Distance0.9728
Predominantly Upwind0.9721
Predominantly Downwind1.0459
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)639.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0584
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8085
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0653
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2051
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6278
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8674
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9976
Motvind Singeltall0.9721
Medvind Singeltall1.0459
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9721
Predominantly Downwind573.71.0459
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore568.61.0553
Cape Doctor Coastal466.01.2875
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9976
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9976
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Predominantly Upwind617.20.9721
Predominantly Downwind573.71.0459
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance616.80.9728
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low742.10.8085
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium563.21.0653
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low955.70.6278
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1602.01060.3796.7659.2581.7540.4506.9453.6436.3
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low742.10.8085
Triple Number AP Medium563.31.0652
Triple Number AP High497.91.2051
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low999.60.6003
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium691.70.8674
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High601.40.9976
Single Number Predominant Upwind644.10.9316
Single Number Predominant Reaching565.51.0610
Single Number Predominant Downwind599.31.0011
Predominant Upwind - Low906.20.6621
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med682.00.8798
Predominant Upwind - Medium595.41.0077
Predominant Upwind - Med/High553.91.0832
Predominant Upwind - High537.21.1168
Predominant Downwind Low897.20.6687
Predominant Downwind Low/Med654.50.9168
Predominant Downwind Medium552.41.0862
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.91.2322
Predominant Downwind High442.81.3551
Predominant Reaching Low802.80.7474
Predominant Reaching Low/Med604.50.9926
Predominant Reaching Medium527.11.1383
Predominant Reaching Med/High478.61.2537
Predominant Reaching High445.51.3468
SA/DSPL Upwind23.18SA/DSPL Downwind44.80
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1122.00.5347
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.40.7404
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium678.90.8838
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High610.10.9835
5-Band Windward/Leeward High581.11.0325
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1129.40.5313
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med821.30.7305
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium693.80.8648
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High630.90.9510
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High607.90.9871
5-Band AP Low822.40.7295
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9333
5-Band AP Medium554.71.0817
5-Band AP Med/High505.21.1878
5-Band AP High479.31.2518
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low965.10.6217
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med775.90.7733
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium656.40.9140
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High594.81.0088
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High567.21.0578
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9017
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9343
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9622
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6735
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6780
Harvest Moon Regatta486.51.2334
Club Certificate2025
MONEYPENNYGER 8398
Deutscher Segler Verband e.V.
Soling 16
24159 Kiel Schilksee
technik@dsv.org
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSUN FAST 3200Measurement23/08/2022HIN0097Plan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.794Max. Beam3.444Draft1.910Displacement3,569Wetted area21.28IMS L9.040LSM08.752Acc. length9.794Sink (kg/mm) 16.73
VCGD-0.100VCGM-0.064RM Rated (kg·m) 104.9Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight569Declared crew weight350
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.385PBW0.120PIPA0.0034
EDL1.800ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.310
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.800IG12.850ISP13.100MDT10.100MDL10.160MDT20.090MDL20.127TL0.990MW0.160GO0.200
E4.250J3.850BAS1.500FSD0.000SFJ0.000SPL4.120WPLTPSBD0.135MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.100Flotation Date23/08/2022
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MONEYPENNYGER 8398
Deutscher Segler Verband e.V.
Soling 16
24159 Kiel Schilksee
technik@dsv.org
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment1607660.240.961.672.843.6930.8207/04/0250
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment1607620.030.380.791.782.924.1612.32YesNo 23.5518/08/2022
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment16077612.8012.8012.807.006.8074.2418/08/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.8 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.69 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity76 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity46 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.