Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RASPANED 28
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.9°42.9°40.8°40.1°40.1°40.0°39.7°39.8°40.7°
Beat VMG2.303.153.794.224.484.614.684.694.62
52°3.564.765.596.166.486.646.726.776.75
60°3.754.985.816.366.666.836.936.997.00
75°3.865.125.976.526.837.037.177.337.39
90°3.775.035.916.536.867.107.297.567.74
110°3.705.066.086.727.097.357.517.757.80
120°3.574.915.956.667.087.397.658.028.26
135°3.204.475.526.366.897.267.578.158.76
150°2.653.834.895.776.486.957.297.908.51
Run VMG2.303.324.245.025.726.296.737.387.94
Gybe Angles147.1°147.1°151.2°153.6°158.8°165.1°171.1°177.9°178.1°
APH ToD:612.3CDL: 7.862APH ToT: 0.9800CertNo:17648
BOAT
ClassMazurkaDesignerD.KoopmansBuilderKestelooAge date10/1972Series date10/1972Offset fileH28E.OFFData fileNED28
HULL
Length Overall10.837 mMaximum Beam3.244 mDraft1.994 mDisplacement6,404 kgDLR9.8098IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.560%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationIn ApertureTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail27.1727.55Headsail Luffed37.6837.68Headsail FlyingSymmetric85.0485.04Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.40Storm Jib9.30Heavy Weather Jib25.10
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RASPANED 28
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1563.21142.6949.5853.1803.4781.5769.5767.2779.0
52°1010.3756.8644.2584.3555.9542.0535.6532.0533.3
60°959.7723.1619.9566.0540.5526.9519.6515.0514.0
75°932.3702.7603.2552.5527.0512.2502.3491.2487.0
90°953.9715.7609.5551.3524.6506.8494.0476.5465.0
110°972.8711.1591.8535.4507.8490.1479.4464.8461.7
120°1008.1732.8604.9540.5508.4487.2470.9448.8435.6
135°1124.3806.1652.6566.0522.3496.0475.3441.5410.8
150°1357.2940.4736.7623.4555.2518.2493.9455.8423.3
Run VMG1568.71085.9849.9717.1629.5572.5534.9487.9453.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1564.11114.3899.7785.1716.4677.0652.2627.6616.3
All purpose1193.7866.8713.8633.0589.0564.3548.5530.6521.0
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward749.60.8004
All purpose612.30.9800
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6923
Downwind "popa"0.8611
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7355
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8024
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Predominantly Upwind665.10.9021
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9711
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low790.30.7592
Triple Number AP Medium608.00.9869
Triple Number AP High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1051.40.5707
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Single Number Predominant Upwind691.30.8679
Single Number Predominant Reaching611.10.9818
Single Number Predominant Downwind645.60.9294
Predominant Upwind - Low950.40.6313
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med730.20.8216
Predominant Upwind - Medium643.00.9331
Predominant Upwind - Med/High600.70.9989
Predominant Upwind - High586.91.0223
Predominant Downwind Low950.70.6311
Predominant Downwind Low/Med701.90.8548
Predominant Downwind Medium594.31.0096
Predominant Downwind Med/High530.91.1302
Predominant Downwind High498.91.2026
Predominant Reaching Low852.10.7042
Predominant Reaching Low/Med651.10.9215
Predominant Reaching Medium569.11.0544
Predominant Reaching Med/High524.01.1450
Predominant Reaching High501.91.1954
SA/DSPL Upwind18.69SA/DSPL Downwind32.34
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1173.50.5113
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med863.80.6946
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium731.20.8206
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High657.60.9123
5-Band Windward/Leeward High629.90.9525
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1178.70.5090
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med875.60.6853
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium748.50.8017
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High680.90.8812
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High657.80.9121
5-Band AP Low873.70.6867
5-Band AP Low/Med689.40.8703
5-Band AP Medium599.21.0013
5-Band AP Med/High551.51.0879
5-Band AP High532.01.1278
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1014.50.5914
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med828.10.7245
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium708.30.8471
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High644.60.9308
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High620.80.9666
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8409
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8701
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8953
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6380
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6424
Harvest Moon Regatta531.61.1287
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance664.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)687.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.1
Predominantly Upwind665.1
Predominantly Downwind617.8
Predominantly Reaching596.2
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9243
Coastal/Long Distance0.9026
Predominantly Upwind0.9021
Predominantly Downwind0.9711
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)687.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9800
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7592
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9870
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0995
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5958
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8057
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9243
Motvind Singeltall0.9021
Medvind Singeltall0.9711
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind665.10.9021
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9711
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore619.70.9682
Cape Doctor Coastal523.91.1453
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9243
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9243
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Predominantly Upwind665.10.9021
Predominantly Downwind617.80.9711
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance664.80.9026
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low790.30.7592
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium607.90.9870
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1007.00.5958
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1652.31111.4848.3710.1628.5585.5553.7507.3496.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low790.30.7592
Triple Number AP Medium608.00.9869
Triple Number AP High545.71.0995
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1051.40.5707
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium744.70.8057
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High649.10.9243
Single Number Predominant Upwind691.30.8679
Single Number Predominant Reaching611.10.9818
Single Number Predominant Downwind645.60.9294
Predominant Upwind - Low950.40.6313
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med730.20.8216
Predominant Upwind - Medium643.00.9331
Predominant Upwind - Med/High600.70.9989
Predominant Upwind - High586.91.0223
Predominant Downwind Low950.70.6311
Predominant Downwind Low/Med701.90.8548
Predominant Downwind Medium594.31.0096
Predominant Downwind Med/High530.91.1302
Predominant Downwind High498.91.2026
Predominant Reaching Low852.10.7042
Predominant Reaching Low/Med651.10.9215
Predominant Reaching Medium569.11.0544
Predominant Reaching Med/High524.01.1450
Predominant Reaching High501.91.1954
SA/DSPL Upwind18.69SA/DSPL Downwind32.34
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1173.50.5113
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med863.80.6946
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium731.20.8206
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High657.60.9123
5-Band Windward/Leeward High629.90.9525
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1178.70.5090
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med875.60.6853
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium748.50.8017
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High680.90.8812
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High657.80.9121
5-Band AP Low873.70.6867
5-Band AP Low/Med689.40.8703
5-Band AP Medium599.21.0013
5-Band AP Med/High551.51.0879
5-Band AP High532.01.1278
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1014.50.5914
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med828.10.7245
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium708.30.8471
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High644.60.9308
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High620.80.9666
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8409
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8701
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8953
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6380
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6424
Harvest Moon Regatta531.61.1287
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RASPANED 28
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassMazurkaMeasurement27/04/1998HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.837Max. Beam3.244Draft1.994Displacement6,404Wetted area25.05IMS L8.816LSM08.674Acc. length10.543Sink (kg/mm) 17.33
VCGD-0.001VCGM-0.065RM Rated (kg·m) 113.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationIn ApertureTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBW0.100PIPA0.0078
APHAPTAPB
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayFixedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1Checkstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.870IG13.570ISP13.620MDT10.132MDL10.188MDT20.132MDL20.188TL0.000MW0.188GO0.208
E4.040J4.290BAS1.450FSD0.035SFJ0.000SPL4.371WPLTPSBD0.125MWT172.00MCG3.800
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM entered directlyRM entered115.6Flotation Date27/04/1998
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
RASPANED 28
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment20250.130.761.382.403.2927.17
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20250.450.711.372.794.335.8813.02NoNo 37.68
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment202513.4213.4213.427.657.4285.04
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity90 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity60 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.