Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FeniksNED 8441
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles47.1°47.1°45.1°44.4°44.7°45.3°45.4°46.7°50.0°
Beat VMG1.942.693.273.653.883.984.023.933.64
52°3.134.245.065.615.956.136.196.145.86
60°3.404.565.365.916.256.436.516.546.43
75°3.574.785.616.186.526.726.856.966.98
90°3.544.835.786.366.646.837.017.287.42
110°3.675.016.006.586.927.177.357.597.67
120°3.544.885.896.546.927.227.487.908.15
135°3.184.455.496.286.767.107.408.008.65
150°2.653.834.895.756.406.827.137.738.39
Run VMG2.303.324.245.015.696.236.647.247.79
Gybe Angles147.4°147.4°151.4°154.7°160.6°166.9°175.4°178.1°178.1°
APH ToD:655.8CDL: 6.751APH ToT: 0.9149CertNo:29185
BOAT
ClassBrise de Mer 34DesignerGroupe FinotBuilderLe Geun-HemedyAge date01/1978Series date01/1978Offset filened8441.offData fileNED8441
HULL
Length Overall10.302 mMaximum Beam3.400 mDraft1.366 mDisplacement5,486 kgDLR9.7976IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.540%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeSolid 2 bladesDiameter0.380m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail28.0328.58Headsail Luffed25.3525.35Headsail FlyingSymmetric69.9972.28Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.07Storm Jib9.19Heavy Weather Jib24.79
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FeniksNED 8441
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1857.71339.81099.8986.1928.9905.0896.1916.3989.7
52°1150.3848.1711.2642.0604.7587.7581.6585.9614.0
60°1057.4790.1671.3608.7576.1559.7552.7550.8559.6
75°1007.8753.8641.2582.5552.6535.9525.4517.0515.6
90°1015.8745.9623.4566.0542.5527.1513.3494.5485.1
110°981.5718.5599.8546.8520.2502.4489.5474.0469.2
120°1015.8738.4610.7550.2519.9498.6481.5456.0441.6
135°1132.0809.6655.3573.3532.7507.3486.4450.1416.0
150°1356.4940.2736.9625.7562.2528.1504.7465.9429.0
Run VMG1567.51085.6849.9717.9633.1578.1542.3497.3462.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1711.61212.7974.9852.0781.0741.6719.2706.8726.0
All purpose1290.4929.9761.0675.8630.2605.4590.2577.8584.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward818.40.7331
All purpose655.80.9149
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.5939
Downwind "popa"0.8564
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6540
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7561
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Predominantly Upwind729.60.8224
Predominantly Downwind641.10.9359
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low845.40.7097
Triple Number AP Medium650.20.9228
Triple Number AP High589.41.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1143.40.5248
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Single Number Predominant Upwind763.50.7859
Single Number Predominant Reaching644.30.9312
Single Number Predominant Downwind671.10.8940
Predominant Upwind - Low1056.20.5680
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med802.70.7475
Predominant Upwind - Medium705.50.8505
Predominant Upwind - Med/High663.00.9050
Predominant Upwind - High660.70.9082
Predominant Downwind Low984.60.6094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med725.50.8270
Predominant Downwind Medium617.20.9722
Predominant Downwind Med/High555.21.0807
Predominant Downwind High526.21.1402
Predominant Reaching Low900.50.6663
Predominant Reaching Low/Med682.70.8789
Predominant Reaching Medium598.11.0031
Predominant Reaching Med/High553.81.0835
Predominant Reaching High534.81.1218
SA/DSPL Upwind17.07SA/DSPL Downwind31.34
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1278.20.4694
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med938.00.6397
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium797.20.7526
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High726.10.8263
5-Band Windward/Leeward High712.30.8424
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1304.40.4600
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med964.30.6222
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium827.00.7255
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High761.70.7878
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High754.90.7948
5-Band AP Low922.10.6507
5-Band AP Low/Med736.50.8146
5-Band AP Medium641.20.9358
5-Band AP Med/High594.11.0100
5-Band AP High581.11.0326
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1108.50.5413
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med903.20.6643
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium775.30.7739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High713.70.8407
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High703.00.8535
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7611
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8121
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8629
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5902
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5933
Harvest Moon Regatta552.81.0855
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance714.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)736.4
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.1
Predominantly Upwind729.6
Predominantly Downwind641.1
Predominantly Reaching621.9
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8332
Coastal/Long Distance0.8397
Predominantly Upwind0.8224
Predominantly Downwind0.9359
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)736.4
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9149
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7097
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9229
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0181
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5485
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7399
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8332
Motvind Singeltall0.8224
Medvind Singeltall0.9359
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind729.60.8224
Predominantly Downwind641.10.9359
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore720.30.8330
Cape Doctor Coastal582.31.0303
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8332
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8332
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Predominantly Upwind729.60.8224
Predominantly Downwind641.10.9359
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance714.60.8397
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.40.7097
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium650.10.9229
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.31.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1093.90.5485
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1793.61200.0912.0763.4676.6628.8593.0538.6535.5
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low845.40.7097
Triple Number AP Medium650.20.9228
Triple Number AP High589.41.0181
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1143.40.5248
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium810.90.7399
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High720.10.8332
Single Number Predominant Upwind763.50.7859
Single Number Predominant Reaching644.30.9312
Single Number Predominant Downwind671.10.8940
Predominant Upwind - Low1056.20.5680
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med802.70.7475
Predominant Upwind - Medium705.50.8505
Predominant Upwind - Med/High663.00.9050
Predominant Upwind - High660.70.9082
Predominant Downwind Low984.60.6094
Predominant Downwind Low/Med725.50.8270
Predominant Downwind Medium617.20.9722
Predominant Downwind Med/High555.21.0807
Predominant Downwind High526.21.1402
Predominant Reaching Low900.50.6663
Predominant Reaching Low/Med682.70.8789
Predominant Reaching Medium598.11.0031
Predominant Reaching Med/High553.81.0835
Predominant Reaching High534.81.1218
SA/DSPL Upwind17.07SA/DSPL Downwind31.34
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1278.20.4694
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med938.00.6397
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium797.20.7526
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High726.10.8263
5-Band Windward/Leeward High712.30.8424
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1304.40.4600
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med964.30.6222
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium827.00.7255
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High761.70.7878
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High754.90.7948
5-Band AP Low922.10.6507
5-Band AP Low/Med736.50.8146
5-Band AP Medium641.20.9358
5-Band AP Med/High594.11.0100
5-Band AP High581.11.0326
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1108.50.5413
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med903.20.6643
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium775.30.7739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High713.70.8407
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High703.00.8535
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7611
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8121
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8629
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5902
Bayview-Mac Shore0.5933
Harvest Moon Regatta552.81.0855
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FeniksNED 8441
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassBrise de Mer 34Measurement24/05/2013HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.302Max. Beam3.400Draft1.366Displacement5,486Wetted area22.12IMS L8.332LSM08.241Acc. length10.302Sink (kg/mm) 16.89
VCGD0.119VCGM0.114RM Rated (kg·m) 106.2Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeSolid 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.380PBWPIPA0.0151
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayFixedMast materialSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P11.820IG13.550ISP13.550MDT10.135MDL10.210MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E3.900J4.110BAS1.400FSDNo FoilSFJ0.120SPL4.478WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date31/05/2013
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
FeniksNED 8441
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.130.831.492.553.4228.03
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.100.601.062.023.003.8812.60NoNo 25.35
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment112.3012.3012.306.906.5469.99
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.3 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.72 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity86 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity56 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.