Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AsturiasNED 9047
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles46.1°46.1°43.6°42.6°42.8°42.8°43.0°43.7°44.9°
Beat VMG2.313.233.974.454.724.874.965.004.94
52°3.735.076.066.717.137.367.487.587.57
60°4.045.416.387.047.457.687.807.927.95
75°4.275.676.637.317.737.978.138.308.40
90°4.175.586.597.327.798.088.288.568.74
110°3.524.926.086.977.648.058.348.769.04
120°3.284.665.856.787.507.978.298.779.19
135°2.814.105.286.247.037.658.068.609.05
150°2.343.464.535.446.126.787.358.118.61
Run VMG2.023.003.934.715.496.206.847.828.39
Gybe Angles143.8°143.8°144.7°145.4°168.5°169.4°170.1°173.4°175.2°
APH ToD:586.9CDL: 10.155APH ToT: 1.0224CertNo:none
BOAT
ClassContest 48CSDesignerD. ZaalBuilderConyplexAge date08/1999Series date01/1999Offset fileHC20302.offData fileNED9047
HULL
Length Overall14.690 mMaximum Beam4.148 mDraft2.041 mDisplacement17,724 kgDLR8.5107IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.660%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft non exposedTypeFeathering 3 bladesDiameter0.533m
CREW
Maximum weight170 kg(default)Minimum weight120 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail46.0846.39Headsail Luffed70.1970.19Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail15.13Storm Jib14.20Heavy Weather Jib38.33
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers0
✱ No spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AsturiasNED 9047
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1557.31113.3905.9809.0762.5739.0726.5719.9729.0
52°966.1710.3594.1536.4504.8489.3481.5475.1475.4
60°890.8665.0564.5511.4482.9468.5461.4454.8452.7
75°843.9635.3543.3492.3465.9451.5442.7433.6428.6
90°863.6644.9546.5491.7462.0445.4434.6420.7411.9
110°1023.4731.9592.6516.2471.4447.0431.8410.9398.4
120°1097.2772.0615.3531.2480.0451.5434.3410.5391.8
135°1283.0878.4681.6577.1511.9470.5446.5418.6398.0
150°1536.61039.1794.2662.0588.3530.6489.5443.8417.9
Run VMG1781.41199.9917.1764.4656.1580.4526.0460.4429.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1666.91156.6911.5786.7709.3659.7626.3590.1579.1
All purpose1232.8873.6702.1613.2562.2530.8510.6488.8479.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward743.20.8074
All purpose586.91.0224
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7271
Downwind "popa"0.8229
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7534
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7916
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Predominantly Upwind627.80.9558
Predominantly Downwind608.30.9863
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low787.90.7615
Triple Number AP Medium583.11.0290
Triple Number AP High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1085.10.5530
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Single Number Predominant Upwind655.40.9155
Single Number Predominant Reaching579.71.0349
Single Number Predominant Downwind641.70.9349
Predominant Upwind - Low934.10.6423
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med698.40.8591
Predominant Upwind - Medium604.30.9929
Predominant Upwind - Med/High556.11.0789
Predominant Upwind - High539.91.1114
Predominant Downwind Low1001.20.5993
Predominant Downwind Low/Med711.20.8436
Predominant Downwind Medium582.31.0304
Predominant Downwind Med/High501.81.1957
Predominant Downwind High465.41.2892
Predominant Reaching Low846.90.7085
Predominant Reaching Low/Med626.50.9577
Predominant Reaching Medium533.21.1253
Predominant Reaching Med/High480.51.2487
Predominant Reaching High458.61.3083
SA/DSPL Upwind16.94SA/DSPL Downwind16.94
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1223.50.4904
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med873.70.6867
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium723.80.8290
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High632.80.9481
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.51.0093
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1213.30.4945
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med875.20.6856
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium734.10.8174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High652.40.9197
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High620.10.9676
5-Band AP Low884.60.6783
5-Band AP Low/Med675.40.8884
5-Band AP Medium572.81.0476
5-Band AP Med/High514.71.1658
5-Band AP High491.01.2220
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1040.90.5764
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med830.80.7222
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium695.30.8629
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High617.00.9725
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High585.61.0246
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8829
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8938
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8931
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6280
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6354
Harvest Moon Regatta496.91.2076
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance645.7
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)665.6
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.1
Predominantly Upwind627.8
Predominantly Downwind608.3
Predominantly Reaching570.4
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9661
Coastal/Long Distance0.9292
Predominantly Upwind0.9558
Predominantly Downwind0.9863
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)665.6
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0224
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7615
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0291
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1823
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5803
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8113
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9661
Motvind Singeltall0.9558
Medvind Singeltall0.9863
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind627.80.9558
Predominantly Downwind608.30.9863
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore582.41.0302
Cape Doctor Coastal482.41.2437
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9661
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9661
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Predominantly Upwind627.80.9558
Predominantly Downwind608.30.9863
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance645.70.9292
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low787.90.7615
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium583.01.0291
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1033.90.5803
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1798.81160.9855.2700.7606.0553.6515.7462.9451.1
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low787.90.7615
Triple Number AP Medium583.11.0290
Triple Number AP High507.51.1823
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1085.10.5530
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium739.60.8113
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High621.10.9661
Single Number Predominant Upwind655.40.9155
Single Number Predominant Reaching579.71.0349
Single Number Predominant Downwind641.70.9349
Predominant Upwind - Low934.10.6423
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med698.40.8591
Predominant Upwind - Medium604.30.9929
Predominant Upwind - Med/High556.11.0789
Predominant Upwind - High539.91.1114
Predominant Downwind Low1001.20.5993
Predominant Downwind Low/Med711.20.8436
Predominant Downwind Medium582.31.0304
Predominant Downwind Med/High501.81.1957
Predominant Downwind High465.41.2892
Predominant Reaching Low846.90.7085
Predominant Reaching Low/Med626.50.9577
Predominant Reaching Medium533.21.1253
Predominant Reaching Med/High480.51.2487
Predominant Reaching High458.61.3083
SA/DSPL Upwind16.94SA/DSPL Downwind16.94
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1223.50.4904
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med873.70.6867
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium723.80.8290
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High632.80.9481
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.51.0093
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1213.30.4945
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med875.20.6856
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium734.10.8174
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High652.40.9197
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High620.10.9676
5-Band AP Low884.60.6783
5-Band AP Low/Med675.40.8884
5-Band AP Medium572.81.0476
5-Band AP Med/High514.71.1658
5-Band AP High491.01.2220
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1040.90.5764
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med830.80.7222
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium695.30.8629
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High617.00.9725
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High585.61.0246
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8829
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8938
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8931
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6280
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6354
Harvest Moon Regatta496.91.2076
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AsturiasNED 9047
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassContest 48CSMeasurement05/11/2019HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA14.690Max. Beam4.148Draft2.041Displacement17,724Wetted area48.08IMS L12.638LSM012.769Acc. length13.481Sink (kg/mm) 32.13
VCGD-0.011VCGM-0.001RM Rated (kg·m) 282.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight170Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFeathering 3 blades
InstallationShaft non exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.533PBW0.150PIPA0.0019
PSD0.040PHD0.080PHL0.290
PSA19.8°ESL0.360
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayFixedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerIn mastArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.150IG16.850ISP18.400MDT10.165MDL10.263MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E5.350J5.450BAS1.800FSDFoilSFJ0.500SPL0.000WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date05/11/2019
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Double HandedClub Certificate2025
AsturiasNED 9047
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentORC0.110.881.642.974.0746.0804/02/2020* Copied from legacy *
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentORC0.080.931.863.866.008.2617.62NoNo 70.1904/02/2020* Copied from legacy *
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length13.5 mTable area0.66 m²Headroom1.87 mMinimum number of berths6Personal gear stowage0.24 m³Fresh water capacity225 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit6Food stowage0.36 m³Fuel capacity120 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.