Club Certificate2025
BATANGA VIIDEN 205
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.6°42.6°41.1°39.3°37.9°37.5°37.2°37.2°37.8°
Beat VMG2.693.684.465.015.335.485.565.615.58
52°4.175.596.587.167.467.627.697.767.77
60°4.445.876.817.327.627.797.897.988.01
75°4.616.056.957.447.757.978.158.338.44
90°4.445.906.877.417.758.028.258.628.87
110°4.185.756.927.577.978.298.558.899.10
120°4.055.596.777.487.938.318.669.299.73
135°3.595.046.247.137.688.098.499.3310.45
150°2.984.285.456.457.217.708.098.859.78
Run VMG2.583.714.725.606.356.957.438.178.86
Gybe Angles145.3°145.3°149.6°152.5°157.6°164.4°170.0°176.8°175.4°
APH ToD:534.4CDL: 10.070APH ToT: 1.1228CertNo:28500
BOAT
ClassX-412DesignerJEPPESENBuilderX YACHTSAge date01/1990Series date01/1990Offset fileIIX412.OFFData fileDEN205
HULL
Length Overall12.500 mMaximum Beam3.890 mDraft2.205 mDisplacement7,468 kgDLR7.5363IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.070%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.457m
CREW
Maximum weight800 kg(declared)Minimum weight670 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail39.7740.41Headsail Luffed50.8450.84Headsail FlyingSymmetric119.94119.94Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.85Storm Jib13.57Heavy Weather Jib36.64
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
BATANGA VIIDEN 205
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1340.5977.2807.7718.3675.5657.4647.5641.5645.6
52°863.1643.7547.5503.1482.6472.7467.8463.9463.2
60°811.7612.8528.8491.5472.7462.1456.4451.2449.2
75°781.6595.0518.2483.9464.6451.4442.0432.2426.5
90°810.3609.8524.3485.6464.4449.0436.3417.7406.1
110°861.9626.5520.4475.8451.9434.4421.3404.9395.7
120°889.1644.2532.0481.0453.9433.2415.5387.7370.0
135°1002.7714.4576.8505.2469.0444.9424.1386.0344.5
150°1209.5841.0660.1558.1499.4467.4445.0406.6368.1
Run VMG1396.7971.1762.3643.0567.2517.7484.4440.9406.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1367.4974.2785.0680.6621.4587.6566.0541.2525.9
All purpose1038.2753.1620.2552.2515.4493.9479.1459.7445.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward650.90.9218
All purpose534.41.1228
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8195
Downwind "popa"0.9575
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8565
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9114
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Predominantly Upwind573.91.0455
Predominantly Downwind546.31.0982
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low686.70.8738
Triple Number AP Medium531.11.1298
Triple Number AP High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.00.6536
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Single Number Predominant Upwind596.21.0064
Single Number Predominant Reaching535.01.1215
Single Number Predominant Downwind570.31.0521
Predominant Upwind - Low818.10.7334
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med628.60.9545
Predominant Upwind - Medium555.41.0803
Predominant Upwind - Med/High519.31.1555
Predominant Upwind - High504.41.1896
Predominant Downwind Low835.80.7179
Predominant Downwind Low/Med618.80.9696
Predominant Downwind Medium526.81.1390
Predominant Downwind Med/High470.51.2753
Predominant Downwind High438.01.3699
Predominant Reaching Low738.70.8122
Predominant Reaching Low/Med568.01.0564
Predominant Reaching Medium500.61.1985
Predominant Reaching Med/High461.01.3016
Predominant Reaching High437.51.3713
SA/DSPL Upwind23.56SA/DSPL Downwind41.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1025.50.5851
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med751.90.7980
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium634.60.9455
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High570.11.0525
5-Band Windward/Leeward High542.81.1053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1025.50.5851
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med757.90.7917
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium645.30.9298
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High586.21.0236
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High562.91.0659
5-Band AP Low760.40.7890
5-Band AP Low/Med600.30.9994
5-Band AP Medium523.61.1459
5-Band AP Med/High481.41.2464
5-Band AP High460.71.3025
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low884.30.6785
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.00.8345
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium613.30.9782
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High557.11.0769
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High532.41.1270
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9760
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9979
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0138
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7330
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7387
Harvest Moon Regatta469.51.2779
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance580.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)599.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.0
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.6
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.1
Predominantly Upwind573.9
Predominantly Downwind546.3
Predominantly Reaching524.5
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0675
Coastal/Long Distance1.0341
Predominantly Upwind1.0455
Predominantly Downwind1.0982
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)599.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1228
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8738
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1299
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2617
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6821
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9284
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0675
Motvind Singeltall1.0455
Medvind Singeltall1.0982
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind573.91.0455
Predominantly Downwind546.31.0982
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore530.51.1310
Cape Doctor Coastal449.91.3335
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0675
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0675
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Predominantly Upwind573.91.0455
Predominantly Downwind546.31.0982
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance580.21.0341
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low686.70.8738
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium531.01.1299
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low879.60.6821
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1453.3973.9740.3617.7548.1512.0484.5442.2428.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low686.70.8738
Triple Number AP Medium531.11.1298
Triple Number AP High475.51.2617
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low918.00.6536
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium646.30.9284
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High562.11.0675
Single Number Predominant Upwind596.21.0064
Single Number Predominant Reaching535.01.1215
Single Number Predominant Downwind570.31.0521
Predominant Upwind - Low818.10.7334
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med628.60.9545
Predominant Upwind - Medium555.41.0803
Predominant Upwind - Med/High519.31.1555
Predominant Upwind - High504.41.1896
Predominant Downwind Low835.80.7179
Predominant Downwind Low/Med618.80.9696
Predominant Downwind Medium526.81.1390
Predominant Downwind Med/High470.51.2753
Predominant Downwind High438.01.3699
Predominant Reaching Low738.70.8122
Predominant Reaching Low/Med568.01.0564
Predominant Reaching Medium500.61.1985
Predominant Reaching Med/High461.01.3016
Predominant Reaching High437.51.3713
SA/DSPL Upwind23.56SA/DSPL Downwind41.52
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1025.50.5851
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med751.90.7980
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium634.60.9455
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High570.11.0525
5-Band Windward/Leeward High542.81.1053
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1025.50.5851
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med757.90.7917
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium645.30.9298
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High586.21.0236
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High562.91.0659
5-Band AP Low760.40.7890
5-Band AP Low/Med600.30.9994
5-Band AP Medium523.61.1459
5-Band AP Med/High481.41.2464
5-Band AP High460.71.3025
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low884.30.6785
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med719.00.8345
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium613.30.9782
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High557.11.0769
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High532.41.1270
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9760
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9979
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0138
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7330
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7387
Harvest Moon Regatta469.51.2779
Club Certificate2025
BATANGA VIIDEN 205
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassX-412Measurement01/01/1990HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.500Max. Beam3.890Draft2.205Displacement7,468Wetted area29.92IMS L10.368LSM09.969Acc. length12.500Sink (kg/mm) 21.62
VCGD-0.082VCGM-0.083RM Rated (kg·m) 181.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight685Declared crew weight800
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.457PBW0.115PIPA0.0030
EDL2.660ST10.045ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.095ST50.310
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayAdjustableMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays1CheckstaysSpreaders3Rotating mastNo
P14.400IG16.410ISP16.410MDT10.125MDL10.220MDT2MDL2TLTaperMW0.220GO0.239
E4.700J4.880BAS1.800FSD0.040SFJSPL5.508WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.080Flotation Date01/01/1990
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
BATANGA VIIDEN 205
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment010.180.941.712.983.9239.77
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment010.060.771.503.074.766.6016.00NoNo 50.84
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentORC14.1914.1914.1910.200.00119.94* Copied from legacy *
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.5 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.83 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity162 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity100 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.