Club Certificate2025
--NED 7953
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°41.2°39.7°38.8°38.2°38.0°38.1°39.2°
Beat VMG2.543.494.234.734.995.115.185.235.15
52°3.975.326.276.827.097.217.287.357.34
60°4.235.616.517.017.277.407.487.577.57
75°4.405.806.697.167.447.657.797.958.03
90°4.235.696.697.217.477.737.978.328.51
110°4.205.726.827.377.758.068.288.628.80
120°4.055.556.667.297.718.098.469.039.44
135°3.574.986.136.957.457.868.279.1510.37
150°2.934.215.356.327.037.487.868.679.67
Run VMG2.543.644.635.496.236.827.277.998.73
Gybe Angles144.9°144.9°150.1°153.2°159.7°166.9°175.4°177.2°175.4°
APH ToD:556.4CDL: 9.199APH ToT: 1.0784CertNo:25495
BOAT
ClassDehler 34SVDesignerSimonis&VoogdBuilderDehlerAge date06/2008Series date10/2007Offset fileDe34sv.offData fileNED7953
HULL
Length Overall10.515 mMaximum Beam3.466 mDraft2.006 mDisplacement6,021 kgDLR6.5945IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.190%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight659 kg(default)Minimum weight529 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail40.6841.38Headsail Luffed31.9231.92Headsail FlyingSymmetric94.7394.73Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.98Storm Jib10.96Heavy Weather Jib29.58
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
--NED 7953
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1420.01031.7851.4761.5721.6704.4695.0688.3699.0
52°907.6676.2574.4527.7508.0499.6494.8489.9490.2
60°851.7641.7552.6513.5495.4486.3481.4475.7475.8
75°817.6620.3538.5503.1483.7470.9462.2452.8448.6
90°850.7632.9538.2499.1481.8465.4451.6432.9422.9
110°857.2628.9528.2488.3464.8446.6434.6417.5409.3
120°889.4649.1540.9493.8466.9444.8425.7398.8381.3
135°1009.5723.4587.7517.9483.3458.0435.2393.4347.3
150°1228.2855.6672.7569.8512.4481.5457.8415.3372.3
Run VMG1418.6988.0776.7655.6578.2528.1495.3450.4412.2
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1418.31009.9814.1708.6649.9616.3595.1569.4555.6
All purpose1073.1778.2641.3573.2537.5516.2501.4480.9467.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward679.80.8826
All purpose556.41.0784
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7701
Downwind "popa"0.9391
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8140
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8811
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Predominantly Upwind602.10.9964
Predominantly Downwind563.31.0651
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low709.70.8454
Triple Number AP Medium552.81.0854
Triple Number AP High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low952.10.6302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Single Number Predominant Upwind625.80.9587
Single Number Predominant Reaching554.61.0818
Single Number Predominant Downwind587.61.0211
Predominant Upwind - Low854.40.7023
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.90.9133
Predominant Upwind - Medium583.51.0282
Predominant Upwind - Med/High547.91.0952
Predominant Upwind - High532.61.1266
Predominant Downwind Low856.60.7004
Predominant Downwind Low/Med636.10.9433
Predominant Downwind Medium543.81.1033
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.71.2328
Predominant Downwind High452.51.3261
Predominant Reaching Low762.90.7864
Predominant Reaching Low/Med586.71.0226
Predominant Reaching Medium519.61.1547
Predominant Reaching Med/High479.51.2514
Predominant Reaching High454.81.3192
SA/DSPL Upwind21.81SA/DSPL Downwind40.67
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1063.30.5643
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med781.50.7678
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium663.10.9048
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High599.01.0017
5-Band Windward/Leeward High571.41.0500
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1067.40.5621
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med790.60.7589
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium677.30.8859
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High618.70.9698
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High595.41.0077
5-Band AP Low782.70.7666
5-Band AP Low/Med622.10.9644
5-Band AP Medium545.51.0999
5-Band AP Med/High503.51.1917
5-Band AP High482.11.2445
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low917.30.6541
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med748.20.8019
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium642.20.9342
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High586.31.0234
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High561.01.0696
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9308
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9603
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9847
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7064
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7114
Harvest Moon Regatta485.41.2362
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance604.5
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating (Coastal/Long Distance)604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)623.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.8
Predominantly Upwind602.1
Predominantly Downwind563.3
Predominantly Reaching542.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0156
Coastal/Long Distance0.9926
Predominantly Upwind0.9964
Predominantly Downwind1.0651
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)623.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0784
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8454
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0855
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2062
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6579
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8892
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0156
Motvind Singeltall0.9964
Medvind Singeltall1.0651
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind602.10.9964
Predominantly Downwind563.31.0651
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore559.71.0720
Cape Doctor Coastal471.61.2724
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0156
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0156
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Predominantly Upwind602.10.9964
Predominantly Downwind563.31.0651
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance604.50.9926
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low709.70.8454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium552.71.0855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low912.00.6579
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1503.91007.7766.5642.0572.6535.5506.4460.6447.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low709.70.8454
Triple Number AP Medium552.81.0854
Triple Number AP High497.41.2062
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low952.10.6302
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium674.80.8892
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High590.81.0156
Single Number Predominant Upwind625.80.9587
Single Number Predominant Reaching554.61.0818
Single Number Predominant Downwind587.61.0211
Predominant Upwind - Low854.40.7023
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med656.90.9133
Predominant Upwind - Medium583.51.0282
Predominant Upwind - Med/High547.91.0952
Predominant Upwind - High532.61.1266
Predominant Downwind Low856.60.7004
Predominant Downwind Low/Med636.10.9433
Predominant Downwind Medium543.81.1033
Predominant Downwind Med/High486.71.2328
Predominant Downwind High452.51.3261
Predominant Reaching Low762.90.7864
Predominant Reaching Low/Med586.71.0226
Predominant Reaching Medium519.61.1547
Predominant Reaching Med/High479.51.2514
Predominant Reaching High454.81.3192
SA/DSPL Upwind21.81SA/DSPL Downwind40.67
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1063.30.5643
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med781.50.7678
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium663.10.9048
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High599.01.0017
5-Band Windward/Leeward High571.41.0500
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1067.40.5621
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med790.60.7589
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium677.30.8859
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High618.70.9698
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High595.41.0077
5-Band AP Low782.70.7666
5-Band AP Low/Med622.10.9644
5-Band AP Medium545.51.0999
5-Band AP Med/High503.51.1917
5-Band AP High482.11.2445
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low917.30.6541
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med748.20.8019
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium642.20.9342
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High586.31.0234
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High561.01.0696
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9308
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9603
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9847
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7064
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7114
Harvest Moon Regatta485.41.2362
Club Certificate2025
--NED 7953
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDehler 34SVMeasurement01/08/2008HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.515Max. Beam3.466Draft2.006Displacement6,021Wetted area26.25IMS L9.834LSM09.700Acc. length10.515Sink (kg/mm) 19.84
VCGD0.029VCGM0.095RM Rated (kg·m) 129.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight659Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0006
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.560IG14.800ISP14.800MDT10.110MDL10.220MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.700J4.150BAS1.580FSDFoilSFJ0.250SPL4.284WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.034Flotation Date01/08/2008
SFFP0.260FFM1.344FF1.360LCFcl5.958SG1.0000
SAFP10.144FAM1.040FA1.052LCFsh6.190HBI1.225
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
--NED 7953
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment010.171.041.793.033.8940.68
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment010.000.000.000.000.004.3414.45NoNo 31.92
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment0114.6814.6814.687.797.5694.73
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.5 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity90 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity60 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.