Club Certificate2025
MERCURIUSEST 45
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.6°43.6°41.9°40.8°39.8°39.6°39.3°39.6°41.3°
Beat VMG2.132.903.473.894.164.304.354.344.18
52°3.314.425.195.695.986.146.216.226.17
60°3.504.655.425.886.146.306.396.436.42
75°3.604.785.566.026.296.486.626.776.81
90°3.484.695.566.106.386.536.716.997.16
110°3.494.765.696.236.566.827.037.317.49
120°3.374.625.566.176.536.837.107.567.86
135°3.064.235.175.916.356.676.977.568.18
150°2.563.664.635.436.026.406.697.257.85
Run VMG2.223.174.024.735.375.866.246.797.29
Gybe Angles148.3°148.3°152.3°155.6°161.7°167.8°176.3°178.1°177.7°
APH ToD:659.4CDL: 6.671APH ToT: 0.9100CertNo:
BOAT
ClassCARTER 30DesignerRichard CarterBuilderTeligaAge date06/1987Series date12/1975Offset fileCARTER30.OFFData fileEST45
HULL
Length Overall9.150 mMaximum Beam3.092 mDraft1.566 mDisplacement3,779 kgDLR9.5716IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.540%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.400m
CREW
Maximum weight450 kg(declared)Minimum weight320 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail17.5617.82Headsail Luffed29.0329.03Headsail FlyingSymmetric61.0661.06Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail5.08Storm Jib6.76Heavy Weather Jib18.23
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MERCURIUSEST 45
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1689.41243.21037.8926.2864.5837.5827.0830.4861.0
52°1088.9814.3693.2632.5602.2586.6579.9578.4583.8
60°1029.5774.2664.4612.8586.5571.6563.4559.7561.0
75°1000.3752.9646.9597.8572.4555.9544.1532.0528.6
90°1035.9767.2647.1589.9564.3551.5536.5514.7503.1
110°1030.5755.7632.3577.5548.8527.8511.8492.7480.6
120°1067.9779.4647.2583.5551.0527.3507.2476.2458.1
135°1178.0851.9696.3609.6567.1539.8516.7476.2440.2
150°1403.6983.1778.0663.5597.9562.7537.9496.6458.7
Run VMG1625.21135.2896.1760.3670.8614.1577.2530.2493.5
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1655.41189.2966.9843.3767.6725.8702.1680.3677.3
All purpose1269.9925.8765.9681.6634.9609.0592.3573.4566.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward804.50.7458
All purpose659.40.9100
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6396
Downwind "popa"0.8102
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.6827
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.7502
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Predominantly Upwind717.20.8366
Predominantly Downwind663.20.9047
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low845.90.7093
Triple Number AP Medium655.00.9161
Triple Number AP High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1123.60.5340
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Single Number Predominant Upwind745.70.8046
Single Number Predominant Reaching657.70.9122
Single Number Predominant Downwind691.90.8672
Predominant Upwind - Low1021.90.5872
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med787.40.7620
Predominant Upwind - Medium693.60.8650
Predominant Upwind - Med/High648.80.9248
Predominant Upwind - High636.80.9422
Predominant Downwind Low1006.20.5963
Predominant Downwind Low/Med749.20.8008
Predominant Downwind Medium639.10.9388
Predominant Downwind Med/High574.11.0450
Predominant Downwind High540.41.1102
Predominant Reaching Low909.70.6596
Predominant Reaching Low/Med697.80.8599
Predominant Reaching Medium613.60.9778
Predominant Reaching Med/High567.51.0572
Predominant Reaching High543.51.1040
SA/DSPL Upwind19.12SA/DSPL Downwind32.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1250.60.4798
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med926.70.6475
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium784.40.7649
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High707.90.8476
5-Band Windward/Leeward High683.50.8778
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1261.20.4757
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med941.90.6370
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium803.90.7464
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High732.80.8187
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High713.90.8405
5-Band AP Low930.20.6451
5-Band AP Low/Med740.40.8104
5-Band AP Medium645.70.9292
5-Band AP Med/High595.51.0076
5-Band AP High575.41.0427
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1086.50.5522
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med890.30.6739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium761.60.7879
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High694.60.8638
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High673.20.8913
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7796
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8099
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8369
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5974
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6011
Harvest Moon Regatta574.11.0450
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance715.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating715.60.8385
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1228.60.8139
FinRating, kova tuuli580.00.8621
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)739.5
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.9
Predominantly Upwind717.2
Predominantly Downwind663.2
Predominantly Reaching641.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8573
Coastal/Long Distance0.8385
Predominantly Upwind0.8366
Predominantly Downwind0.9047
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)739.5
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9100
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7093
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind0.9162
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.0180
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5566
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.7509
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.8573
Motvind Singeltall0.8366
Medvind Singeltall0.9047
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind717.20.8366
Predominantly Downwind663.20.9047
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore678.20.8847
Cape Doctor Coastal568.41.0557
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8573
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium0.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.8573
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Predominantly Upwind717.20.8366
Predominantly Downwind663.20.9047
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance715.60.8385
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low845.90.7093
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium654.90.9162
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1078.00.5566
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1743.51183.8910.4763.5676.7631.8598.4547.6536.7
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low845.90.7093
Triple Number AP Medium655.00.9161
Triple Number AP High589.41.0180
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1123.60.5340
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium799.00.7509
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High699.90.8573
Single Number Predominant Upwind745.70.8046
Single Number Predominant Reaching657.70.9122
Single Number Predominant Downwind691.90.8672
Predominant Upwind - Low1021.90.5872
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med787.40.7620
Predominant Upwind - Medium693.60.8650
Predominant Upwind - Med/High648.80.9248
Predominant Upwind - High636.80.9422
Predominant Downwind Low1006.20.5963
Predominant Downwind Low/Med749.20.8008
Predominant Downwind Medium639.10.9388
Predominant Downwind Med/High574.11.0450
Predominant Downwind High540.41.1102
Predominant Reaching Low909.70.6596
Predominant Reaching Low/Med697.80.8599
Predominant Reaching Medium613.60.9778
Predominant Reaching Med/High567.51.0572
Predominant Reaching High543.51.1040
SA/DSPL Upwind19.12SA/DSPL Downwind32.26
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1250.60.4798
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med926.70.6475
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium784.40.7649
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High707.90.8476
5-Band Windward/Leeward High683.50.8778
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1261.20.4757
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med941.90.6370
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium803.90.7464
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High732.80.8187
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High713.90.8405
5-Band AP Low930.20.6451
5-Band AP Low/Med740.40.8104
5-Band AP Medium645.70.9292
5-Band AP Med/High595.51.0076
5-Band AP High575.41.0427
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1086.50.5522
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med890.30.6739
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium761.60.7879
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High694.60.8638
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High673.20.8913
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.7796
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8099
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.8369
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.5974
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6011
Harvest Moon Regatta574.11.0450
Club Certificate2025
MERCURIUSEST 45
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassCARTER 30Measurement09/05/2023HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.150Max. Beam3.092Draft1.566Displacement3,779Wetted area17.45IMS L7.375LSM07.335Acc. length9.150Sink (kg/mm) 12.44
VCGD0.078VCGM0.074RM Rated (kg·m) 56.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight442Declared crew weight450
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.400PBWPIPA0.0015
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders1Rotating mastNo
P10.000IG11.620ISP11.600MDT10.115MDL10.158MDT2MDL2TLNo TaperMW0.000GO0.000
E2.900J3.730BAS1.415FSD0.033SFJ0.000SPL3.810WPLTPSBDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date27/05/2022
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MERCURIUSEST 45
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.140.661.121.862.5117.56
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.090.681.312.633.985.3910.89NoNo 29.0309/05/2023
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment211.3211.3111.326.496.4261.0616/04/2024111.4011.3111.366.426.4160.7316/04/2024310.6910.6910.696.125.7653.88
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.2 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.64 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity64 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity34 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.