Club Certificate2025
ÜlleEST 525
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.7°43.7°41.2°39.8°38.6°37.6°37.3°37.3°38.2°
Beat VMG2.343.243.964.484.855.035.125.175.11
52°3.664.965.906.516.857.037.127.207.20
60°3.895.236.166.717.027.207.327.427.44
75°4.035.416.356.867.177.397.577.797.89
90°4.145.606.627.137.417.577.718.078.33
110°4.195.706.777.297.688.018.298.668.98
120°4.055.556.657.227.638.018.399.099.58
135°3.574.996.136.907.357.758.159.0310.35
150°2.964.215.326.246.887.287.608.289.07
Run VMG2.563.654.605.405.986.426.797.387.96
Gybe Angles143.3°143.3°147.7°149.6°152.5°158.1°162.6°163.9°161.5°
APH ToD:572.0CDL: 8.829APH ToT: 1.0490CertNo:
BOAT
ClassElan 340DesignerRob HumpreyBuilderElan YachtsAge date01/2007Series date01/2006Offset fileELAN340.OFFData fileEST525
HULL
Length Overall9.990 mMaximum Beam3.466 mDraft2.067 mDisplacement5,350 kgDLR6.1828IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.250%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.410m
CREW
Maximum weight620 kg(declared)Minimum weight490 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.0633.83Headsail Luffed25.9525.95Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric88.7488.74 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.98Storm Jib9.16Heavy Weather Jib24.72
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
✱ Asymmetric SHALL NOT be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
ÜlleEST 525
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1538.61109.7908.2802.8742.9715.0703.4696.7704.0
52°982.5726.1610.4553.3525.4511.8505.3499.9499.7
60°925.3688.5584.4536.7513.0499.7491.9485.4483.7
75°893.3666.0567.3524.5502.3487.0475.6462.2456.5
90°869.6643.0544.0504.8486.1475.6466.9445.9432.3
110°860.0631.9532.1493.5469.0449.4434.2415.8400.8
120°889.8649.0541.7498.7472.1449.2429.2396.2375.6
135°1007.0721.3587.0521.7489.6464.8441.9398.5348.0
150°1216.7854.4677.1577.1523.2494.8473.4435.0397.0
Run VMG1405.0986.6781.8666.4601.7560.9530.4488.1452.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1471.51048.1845.0734.6672.3638.0616.9592.4578.2
All purpose1115.1806.3662.6590.8551.8528.7513.4492.2477.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward704.40.8518
All purpose572.01.0490
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7396
Downwind "popa"0.9099
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7836
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8511
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Predominantly Upwind621.70.9651
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0389
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low734.40.8169
Triple Number AP Medium568.31.0557
Triple Number AP High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low988.00.6073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Single Number Predominant Upwind647.80.9262
Single Number Predominant Reaching567.61.0571
Single Number Predominant Downwind601.90.9968
Predominant Upwind - Low900.10.6666
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med685.30.8756
Predominant Upwind - Medium601.30.9979
Predominant Upwind - Med/High560.21.0710
Predominant Upwind - High543.91.1031
Predominant Downwind Low869.20.6903
Predominant Downwind Low/Med647.80.9261
Predominant Downwind Medium557.91.0755
Predominant Downwind Med/High503.81.1910
Predominant Downwind High469.71.2774
Predominant Reaching Low782.60.7667
Predominant Reaching Low/Med599.91.0001
Predominant Reaching Medium530.81.1303
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.81.2201
Predominant Reaching High466.41.2865
SA/DSPL Upwind19.18SA/DSPL Downwind39.59
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1103.30.5438
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.50.7403
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium686.70.8738
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.90.9663
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.21.0098
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1115.90.5377
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med823.70.7285
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium701.10.8558
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High638.30.9401
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High615.10.9754
5-Band AP Low806.90.7436
5-Band AP Low/Med642.10.9344
5-Band AP Medium560.41.0706
5-Band AP Med/High515.61.1636
5-Band AP High493.31.2163
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low954.10.6288
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.30.7729
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium662.60.9055
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High602.90.9951
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High577.71.0387
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8968
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9323
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9628
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6833
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6876
Harvest Moon Regatta498.31.2041
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance622.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating622.10.9645
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1080.60.9254
FinRating, kova tuuli496.81.0064
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)641.9
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.9
Predominantly Upwind621.7
Predominantly Downwind577.5
Predominantly Reaching554.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9789
Coastal/Long Distance0.9645
Predominantly Upwind0.9651
Predominantly Downwind1.0389
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)641.9
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0490
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8169
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0559
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1781
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6339
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8585
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9789
Motvind Singeltall0.9651
Medvind Singeltall1.0389
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind621.70.9651
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0389
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore582.41.0301
Cape Doctor Coastal481.81.2454
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9789
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9789
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Predominantly Upwind621.70.9651
Predominantly Downwind577.51.0389
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance622.10.9645
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low734.50.8169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium568.21.0559
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low946.50.6339
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1552.91042.0793.4663.3588.0548.6519.0471.5456.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low734.40.8169
Triple Number AP Medium568.31.0557
Triple Number AP High509.31.1781
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low988.00.6073
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium698.90.8585
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High612.90.9789
Single Number Predominant Upwind647.80.9262
Single Number Predominant Reaching567.61.0571
Single Number Predominant Downwind601.90.9968
Predominant Upwind - Low900.10.6666
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med685.30.8756
Predominant Upwind - Medium601.30.9979
Predominant Upwind - Med/High560.21.0710
Predominant Upwind - High543.91.1031
Predominant Downwind Low869.20.6903
Predominant Downwind Low/Med647.80.9261
Predominant Downwind Medium557.91.0755
Predominant Downwind Med/High503.81.1910
Predominant Downwind High469.71.2774
Predominant Reaching Low782.60.7667
Predominant Reaching Low/Med599.91.0001
Predominant Reaching Medium530.81.1303
Predominant Reaching Med/High491.81.2201
Predominant Reaching High466.41.2865
SA/DSPL Upwind19.18SA/DSPL Downwind39.59
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1103.30.5438
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med810.50.7403
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium686.70.8738
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.90.9663
5-Band Windward/Leeward High594.21.0098
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1115.90.5377
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med823.70.7285
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium701.10.8558
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High638.30.9401
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High615.10.9754
5-Band AP Low806.90.7436
5-Band AP Low/Med642.10.9344
5-Band AP Medium560.41.0706
5-Band AP Med/High515.61.1636
5-Band AP High493.31.2163
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low954.10.6288
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med776.30.7729
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium662.60.9055
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High602.90.9951
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High577.71.0387
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8968
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9323
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9628
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6833
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6876
Harvest Moon Regatta498.31.2041
Club Certificate2025
ÜlleEST 525
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassElan 340MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.990Max. Beam3.466Draft2.067Displacement5,350Wetted area23.68IMS L9.578LSM09.528Acc. length9.990Sink (kg/mm) 17.95
VCGD0.088VCGM0.018RM Rated (kg·m) 107.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight643Declared crew weight620
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.410PBW0.000PIPA0.0035
EDL2.360ST10.060ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.100ST50.325
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.650IG13.475ISP14.358MDT10.094MDL10.190MDT20.094MDL20.130TL2.240MW0.180GO0.195
E4.505J3.640BAS1.705FSD0.030SFJ0.070SPL3.930WPLTPS4.800BD0.290MWTMCG4.540
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date24/05/2022
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
ÜlleEST 525
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment30.160.891.612.793.7233.0611/12/2023
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment20.060.571.102.103.063.9512.62NoNo 25.9511/12/2023
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment115.0112.4713.748.106.35128%88.7421/05/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.0 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.70 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity80 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity50 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.