Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
SOPHIAEST 480
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.1°44.1°41.9°40.4°39.2°38.5°38.1°38.6°39.4°
Beat VMG2.493.454.224.795.185.375.465.515.46
52°3.935.316.316.997.397.597.687.767.77
60°4.205.616.597.207.577.787.908.008.03
75°4.375.816.787.377.727.978.178.398.49
90°4.245.696.717.357.748.028.278.698.96
110°3.635.036.167.037.577.948.268.869.43
120°3.374.735.876.787.417.828.158.789.43
135°2.854.125.266.196.957.487.868.499.14
150°2.353.484.565.506.316.997.498.158.77
Run VMG2.043.013.954.805.576.286.917.768.36
Gybe Angles146.2°146.2°151.0°156.8°164.9°170.9°176.3°179.5°179.5°
APH ToD:569.1CDL: 10.069APH ToT: 1.0544CertNo:EST480
BOAT
ClassDUFOUR 40DesignerFelci YachtsBuilderDUFOUR SAAge date01/2006Series date01/2005Offset fileDUFOUR40.offData fileEST0480
HULL
Length Overall12.070 mMaximum Beam3.890 mDraft2.085 mDisplacement8,181 kgDLR6.7113IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.330%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.410m
CREW
Maximum weight750 kg(declared)Minimum weight620 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail44.1944.86Headsail Luffed39.7839.78Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail13.69Storm Jib12.04Heavy Weather Jib32.49
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6
✱ Zero set flying
Spinnakers0
✱ Spinnaker pole aboard
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
SOPHIAEST 480
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1443.71043.0853.9751.6694.9670.9659.7652.9658.9
52°915.0678.0570.8515.3487.4474.2468.5463.7463.2
60°856.8641.2546.5499.7475.7462.8455.7450.1448.3
75°824.3619.3530.8488.7466.4451.5440.8429.1423.8
90°850.1632.6536.3489.7465.3448.9435.2414.4402.0
110°991.1715.7584.7512.5475.5453.4436.0406.2381.9
120°1069.5761.6613.2531.1486.0460.6441.9409.9381.7
135°1263.1873.8684.3581.5517.9481.0458.3424.1393.9
150°1533.41034.1788.9654.2570.4514.8480.7441.5410.7
Run VMG1768.91194.1910.3749.7645.9572.9520.9463.6430.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1603.41118.6882.1750.6670.4621.9590.3558.3544.8
All purpose1190.6848.1684.1595.4544.1514.1495.0472.3458.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward706.70.8490
All purpose569.11.0544
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7884
Downwind "popa"0.8305
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8006
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8174
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Predominantly Upwind601.40.9977
Predominantly Downwind600.80.9987
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low766.10.7832
Triple Number AP Medium565.41.0611
Triple Number AP High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1047.80.5726
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Single Number Predominant Upwind626.70.9574
Single Number Predominant Reaching570.41.0519
Single Number Predominant Downwind632.70.9483
Predominant Upwind - Low894.60.6707
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med670.40.8950
Predominant Upwind - Medium577.71.0385
Predominant Upwind - Med/High530.81.1303
Predominant Upwind - High514.11.1672
Predominant Downwind Low984.70.6093
Predominant Downwind Low/Med700.90.8561
Predominant Downwind Medium574.51.0445
Predominant Downwind Med/High496.91.2075
Predominant Downwind High460.01.3043
Predominant Reaching Low827.40.7251
Predominant Reaching Low/Med615.50.9748
Predominant Reaching Medium526.31.1400
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.21.2626
Predominant Reaching High450.41.3322
SA/DSPL Upwind20.54SA/DSPL Downwind20.54
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1181.40.5079
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med839.30.7149
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium686.60.8738
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High597.01.0050
5-Band Windward/Leeward High561.51.0686
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1164.30.5153
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med835.90.7178
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium691.50.8677
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.30.9832
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High580.21.0341
5-Band AP Low863.00.6952
5-Band AP Low/Med656.30.9142
5-Band AP Medium555.21.0807
5-Band AP Med/High498.51.2036
5-Band AP High473.91.2661
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1005.00.5970
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med797.90.7520
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium659.90.9093
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High582.51.0301
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.51.0861
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9236
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9208
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9069
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6500
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6581
Harvest Moon Regatta492.71.2177
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance623.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating623.60.9622
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1163.30.8596
FinRating, kova tuuli477.81.0465
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)645.8
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.2
Predominantly Upwind601.4
Predominantly Downwind600.8
Predominantly Reaching563.7
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0236
Coastal/Long Distance0.9622
Predominantly Upwind0.9977
Predominantly Downwind0.9987
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)645.8
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0544
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7832
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0613
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2213
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5998
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8539
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0236
Motvind Singeltall0.9977
Medvind Singeltall0.9987
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind601.40.9977
Predominantly Downwind600.80.9987
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore548.91.0932
Cape Doctor Coastal462.81.2965
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0236
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0236
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Predominantly Upwind601.40.9977
Predominantly Downwind600.80.9987
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance623.60.9622
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low766.10.7832
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium565.31.0613
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.30.5998
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1738.21126.1829.9674.4581.7534.3500.9453.7437.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low766.10.7832
Triple Number AP Medium565.41.0611
Triple Number AP High491.31.2213
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1047.80.5726
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium702.70.8539
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High586.21.0236
Single Number Predominant Upwind626.70.9574
Single Number Predominant Reaching570.41.0519
Single Number Predominant Downwind632.70.9483
Predominant Upwind - Low894.60.6707
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med670.40.8950
Predominant Upwind - Medium577.71.0385
Predominant Upwind - Med/High530.81.1303
Predominant Upwind - High514.11.1672
Predominant Downwind Low984.70.6093
Predominant Downwind Low/Med700.90.8561
Predominant Downwind Medium574.51.0445
Predominant Downwind Med/High496.91.2075
Predominant Downwind High460.01.3043
Predominant Reaching Low827.40.7251
Predominant Reaching Low/Med615.50.9748
Predominant Reaching Medium526.31.1400
Predominant Reaching Med/High475.21.2626
Predominant Reaching High450.41.3322
SA/DSPL Upwind20.54SA/DSPL Downwind20.54
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1181.40.5079
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med839.30.7149
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium686.60.8738
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High597.01.0050
5-Band Windward/Leeward High561.51.0686
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1164.30.5153
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med835.90.7178
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium691.50.8677
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High610.30.9832
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High580.21.0341
5-Band AP Low863.00.6952
5-Band AP Low/Med656.30.9142
5-Band AP Medium555.21.0807
5-Band AP Med/High498.51.2036
5-Band AP High473.91.2661
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1005.00.5970
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med797.90.7520
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium659.90.9093
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High582.51.0301
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High552.51.0861
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9236
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9208
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9069
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6500
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6581
Harvest Moon Regatta492.71.2177
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
SOPHIAEST 480
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassDUFOUR 40Measurement10/11/2009HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.070Max. Beam3.890Draft2.085Displacement8,181Wetted area31.04IMS L10.903LSM010.681Acc. length12.070Sink (kg/mm) 23.66
VCGD0.044VCGM0.029RM Rated (kg·m) 197.0Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight756Declared crew weight750
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.410PBWPIPA0.0039
EDL2.700ST10.066ST2
ST3ST40.107ST50.300
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.750IG15.420ISP15.500MDT10.120MDL10.225MDT20.120MDL20.185TL0.700MW0.225GO0.250
E5.300J4.190BAS1.800FSD0.038SFJ0.200SPL4.258WPLTPSBD0.160MWTMCG5.790
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date27/08/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Non Spin/HSFClub Certificate2025
SOPHIAEST 480
Estonian Yachting Union
Purje 8, maja 3
11911 Tallinn
Estonia
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment30.170.961.793.204.2744.1904/05/2022
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment30.080.661.302.754.265.8214.10NoNo 39.7804/05/202220.000.000.000.000.004.4715.32NoNo 34.8610.060.611.182.293.394.4415.23NoNo 34.5810/11/2009
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.1 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity152 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity92 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.