Club Certificate2025
ANAISISR054
IYC
IYC , P.O.Box 3299
Ramat Gan
Israel
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.6°44.6°42.6°41.2°40.2°39.7°39.3°39.1°39.9°
Beat VMG2.253.123.834.364.744.965.065.125.06
52°3.574.845.786.446.867.097.217.287.28
60°3.835.136.066.687.067.287.417.507.54
75°3.985.326.266.877.237.467.647.857.94
90°3.885.216.196.927.327.527.738.078.30
110°3.785.216.337.067.487.798.058.408.63
120°3.635.036.156.957.437.778.088.639.03
135°3.224.535.656.557.167.567.918.579.24
150°2.663.874.975.906.677.207.578.228.87
Run VMG2.303.354.315.135.866.486.977.678.26
Gybe Angles146.6°146.6°150.5°153.4°157.7°163.9°169.9°178.1°177.9°
APH ToD:585.8CDL: 8.826APH ToT: 1.0243CertNo:25054
BOAT
ClassSun Fizz 40DesignerBriandBuilderJeanneauAge date01/1984Series date01/1981Offset fileISUNFIZ.OFFData fileISR054
HULL
Length Overall11.740 mMaximum Beam3.770 mDraft1.918 mDisplacement7,780 kgDLR8.3366IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.490%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFeathering 3 bladesDiameter0.432m
CREW
Maximum weight666 kg(default)Minimum weight536 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.6034.15Headsail Luffed40.8440.84Headsail FlyingSymmetric91.8991.89Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.79Storm Jib10.88Heavy Weather Jib29.38
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
Data from I16502
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
ANAISISR054
IYC
IYC , P.O.Box 3299
Ramat Gan
Israel
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1602.81152.4939.4826.1759.8726.1711.5703.7712.1
52°1009.3744.1622.9558.7524.5507.6499.5494.3494.2
60°940.8701.1594.2538.7510.0494.7486.0479.7477.8
75°905.5676.7575.5524.3498.2482.3471.4458.7453.2
90°927.6690.4582.0520.2491.9478.6465.8446.1433.9
110°953.4690.6568.8510.0481.2462.1447.3428.6417.0
120°990.8715.3585.5517.9484.7463.2445.5417.4398.5
135°1119.0794.7637.5549.8502.7475.9455.2420.2389.4
150°1355.1931.2723.9609.9539.6499.8475.4438.0405.8
Run VMG1564.21075.2835.6701.7614.5555.5516.4469.3435.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1582.31113.8887.5763.9687.1640.8614.0586.5573.9
All purpose1193.2856.3696.2610.2561.1533.1515.8495.3483.7
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward722.20.8308
All purpose585.81.0243
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7218
Downwind "popa"0.8809
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7631
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8262
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Predominantly Upwind635.70.9438
Predominantly Downwind596.31.0062
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low776.30.7729
Triple Number AP Medium581.81.0313
Triple Number AP High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1046.60.5733
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Single Number Predominant Upwind663.00.9049
Single Number Predominant Reaching585.91.0241
Single Number Predominant Downwind624.40.9608
Predominant Upwind - Low944.40.6353
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med709.40.8458
Predominant Upwind - Medium611.50.9812
Predominant Upwind - Med/High562.21.0673
Predominant Upwind - High545.61.0997
Predominant Downwind Low939.60.6386
Predominant Downwind Low/Med683.60.8777
Predominant Downwind Medium571.71.0496
Predominant Downwind Med/High505.31.1873
Predominant Downwind High472.11.2708
Predominant Reaching Low837.20.7167
Predominant Reaching Low/Med628.90.9540
Predominant Reaching Medium542.11.1068
Predominant Reaching Med/High494.91.2125
Predominant Reaching High471.21.2732
SA/DSPL Upwind18.83SA/DSPL Downwind31.74
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1174.70.5108
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med847.70.7078
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium702.80.8538
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.00.9678
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.11.0186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1182.10.5076
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med859.00.6985
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium717.40.8363
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.30.9385
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High612.60.9795
5-Band AP Low859.40.6981
5-Band AP Low/Med669.50.8962
5-Band AP Medium572.11.0489
5-Band AP Med/High519.11.1560
5-Band AP High496.81.2077
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1011.00.5935
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med811.60.7393
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium679.20.8835
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High606.30.9896
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High579.21.0359
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8725
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9007
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9231
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6465
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6511
Harvest Moon Regatta506.31.1851
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance638.6
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating631.30.9504
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1153.70.8667
FinRating, kova tuuli500.40.9991
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)662.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.3
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.4
Predominantly Upwind635.7
Predominantly Downwind596.3
Predominantly Reaching572.0
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9830
Coastal/Long Distance0.9395
Predominantly Upwind0.9438
Predominantly Downwind1.0062
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)662.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0243
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7729
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0314
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1709
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.5996
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8359
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9830
Motvind Singeltall0.9438
Medvind Singeltall1.0062
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind635.70.9438
Predominantly Downwind596.31.0062
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore577.71.0386
Cape Doctor Coastal487.21.2316
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9830
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9830
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Predominantly Upwind635.70.9438
Predominantly Downwind596.31.0062
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance638.60.9395
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low776.30.7729
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium581.71.0314
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1000.70.5996
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1676.01110.0834.3687.7599.4553.4521.4474.6461.2
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low776.30.7729
Triple Number AP Medium581.81.0313
Triple Number AP High512.41.1709
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1046.60.5733
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium717.80.8359
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High610.40.9830
Single Number Predominant Upwind663.00.9049
Single Number Predominant Reaching585.91.0241
Single Number Predominant Downwind624.40.9608
Predominant Upwind - Low944.40.6353
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med709.40.8458
Predominant Upwind - Medium611.50.9812
Predominant Upwind - Med/High562.21.0673
Predominant Upwind - High545.61.0997
Predominant Downwind Low939.60.6386
Predominant Downwind Low/Med683.60.8777
Predominant Downwind Medium571.71.0496
Predominant Downwind Med/High505.31.1873
Predominant Downwind High472.11.2708
Predominant Reaching Low837.20.7167
Predominant Reaching Low/Med628.90.9540
Predominant Reaching Medium542.11.1068
Predominant Reaching Med/High494.91.2125
Predominant Reaching High471.21.2732
SA/DSPL Upwind18.83SA/DSPL Downwind31.74
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1174.70.5108
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med847.70.7078
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium702.80.8538
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High620.00.9678
5-Band Windward/Leeward High589.11.0186
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1182.10.5076
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med859.00.6985
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium717.40.8363
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High639.30.9385
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High612.60.9795
5-Band AP Low859.40.6981
5-Band AP Low/Med669.50.8962
5-Band AP Medium572.11.0489
5-Band AP Med/High519.11.1560
5-Band AP High496.81.2077
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low1011.00.5935
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med811.60.7393
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium679.20.8835
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High606.30.9896
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High579.21.0359
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8725
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9007
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9231
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6465
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6511
Harvest Moon Regatta506.31.1851
Club Certificate2025
ANAISISR054
IYC
IYC , P.O.Box 3299
Ramat Gan
Israel
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassSun Fizz 40Measurement03/06/2022HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA11.740Max. Beam3.770Draft1.918Displacement7,780Wetted area29.62IMS L9.927LSM09.771Acc. length11.740Sink (kg/mm) 21.32
VCGD-0.100VCGM0.033RM Rated (kg·m) 155.5Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight666Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFeathering 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.432PBW0.140PIPA0.0052
PSD0.030PHD0.068PHL0.120
PSA21.0°ESL0.780
ST10.022ST20.100ST30.100
ST40.050ST50.335
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P13.370IG14.750ISP14.760MDT10.130MDL10.205MDT20.130MDL20.205TLMW0.205GO0.205
E4.180J4.060BAS1.550FSD0.040SFJSPL4.300WPLTPS4.060BD0.145MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered-0.100Flotation Date01/03/2022
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
ANAISISR054
IYC
IYC , P.O.Box 3299
Ramat Gan
Israel
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentA0.130.831.542.723.6433.6021/04/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentA0.050.711.412.904.315.8714.10NoNo 40.8403/06/2022
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment014.2514.2514.257.737.7791.8903/06/2022
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length11.7 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.80 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity142 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity84 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.