Club Certificate2025
Loki42513
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.5°43.5°41.5°39.9°38.5°37.8°37.5°37.8°38.7°
Beat VMG2.463.374.074.584.885.015.075.074.99
52°3.845.146.046.596.876.997.057.097.07
60°4.095.416.276.757.027.167.227.297.30
75°4.245.586.426.887.157.347.487.607.68
90°4.055.466.457.007.267.417.617.908.07
110°4.095.576.637.187.537.828.068.428.76
120°3.955.436.527.117.507.858.198.889.41
135°3.444.846.006.807.267.627.998.8810.35
150°2.884.105.176.106.787.177.488.088.84
Run VMG2.493.554.485.285.896.306.667.217.73
Gybe Angles143.9°143.9°147.8°148.3°152.0°156.9°161.5°163.7°160.8°
APH ToD:575.8CDL: 8.778APH ToT: 1.0421CertNo:US42513
BOAT
ClassOlson 34DesignerCarl SchumacherBuilderEricsonAge date06/1990Series date07/1989Offset fileOlson34-DR.offData fileUS42513
HULL
Length Overall10.359 mMaximum Beam3.312 mDraft1.868 mDisplacement5,254 kgDLR6.7551IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.190%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.305m
CREW
Maximum weight615 kg(declared)Minimum weight485 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail28.3228.83Headsail Luffed40.7240.72Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric98.5098.50 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.37Storm Jib9.35Heavy Weather Jib25.23
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
Loki42513
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1465.61069.7884.9785.6737.0719.1710.6709.6720.7
52°937.9700.4596.1546.5524.1514.8510.6507.8509.1
60°880.3665.2574.3533.2513.1502.8498.3494.1493.3
75°849.2645.5561.2523.6503.4490.3481.6473.4468.7
90°889.0659.2558.1514.1495.5485.6473.3455.5446.3
110°879.7645.8542.6501.6478.1460.4446.4427.6411.0
120°912.0663.5552.0506.3480.2458.9439.7405.4382.5
135°1047.4744.1600.0529.2496.2472.1450.4405.6348.0
150°1251.1878.9696.0590.1531.1502.2481.5445.3407.1
Run VMG1444.61014.9803.7681.4611.6571.3540.8499.5465.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1454.31042.3844.3733.5674.3645.2625.7604.5593.3
All purpose1105.2803.7663.6591.9555.1535.4521.2502.5488.4
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward707.40.8482
All purpose575.81.0421
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7478
Downwind "popa"0.8892
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7853
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8415
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Predominantly Upwind621.60.9653
Predominantly Downwind585.11.0254
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low733.60.8178
Triple Number AP Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number AP High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low983.40.6101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Single Number Predominant Upwind646.70.9278
Single Number Predominant Reaching574.11.0451
Single Number Predominant Downwind610.60.9826
Predominant Upwind - Low884.20.6786
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med679.20.8833
Predominant Upwind - Medium601.70.9971
Predominant Upwind - Med/High566.91.0585
Predominant Upwind - High553.61.0837
Predominant Downwind Low883.00.6795
Predominant Downwind Low/Med656.60.9138
Predominant Downwind Medium565.01.0620
Predominant Downwind Med/High512.11.1716
Predominant Downwind High478.81.2530
Predominant Reaching Low789.70.7598
Predominant Reaching Low/Med605.50.9909
Predominant Reaching Medium536.71.1180
Predominant Reaching Med/High499.21.2019
Predominant Reaching High475.21.2628
SA/DSPL Upwind22.72SA/DSPL Downwind41.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1096.00.5474
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med809.30.7414
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium689.40.8703
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High629.50.9531
5-Band Windward/Leeward High606.30.9897
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1101.30.5448
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med818.50.7330
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium702.00.8547
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High646.40.9282
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High627.40.9564
5-Band AP Low807.50.7430
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9332
5-Band AP Medium564.11.0636
5-Band AP Med/High523.31.1465
5-Band AP High503.31.1921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low947.70.6331
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med773.70.7755
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium664.60.9028
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High611.00.9819
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High589.01.0186
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9009
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9276
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9496
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6842
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6887
Harvest Moon Regatta505.11.1879
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance625.9
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating625.90.9586
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1075.30.9300
FinRating, kova tuuli507.10.9861
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)644.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.7
Predominantly Upwind621.6
Predominantly Downwind585.1
Predominantly Reaching561.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9636
Coastal/Long Distance0.9586
Predominantly Upwind0.9653
Predominantly Downwind1.0254
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)644.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0421
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8178
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0499
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1589
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6361
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8560
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9636
Motvind Singeltall0.9653
Medvind Singeltall1.0254
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind621.60.9653
Predominantly Downwind585.11.0254
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore596.71.0056
Cape Doctor Coastal492.61.2180
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9636
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9636
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Predominantly Upwind621.60.9653
Predominantly Downwind585.11.0254
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.90.9586
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low733.70.8178
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium571.51.0499
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low943.20.6361
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1540.81039.5794.5663.9591.0555.5527.0481.4467.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low733.60.8178
Triple Number AP Medium571.51.0498
Triple Number AP High517.71.1589
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low983.40.6101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium700.90.8560
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High622.70.9636
Single Number Predominant Upwind646.70.9278
Single Number Predominant Reaching574.11.0451
Single Number Predominant Downwind610.60.9826
Predominant Upwind - Low884.20.6786
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med679.20.8833
Predominant Upwind - Medium601.70.9971
Predominant Upwind - Med/High566.91.0585
Predominant Upwind - High553.61.0837
Predominant Downwind Low883.00.6795
Predominant Downwind Low/Med656.60.9138
Predominant Downwind Medium565.01.0620
Predominant Downwind Med/High512.11.1716
Predominant Downwind High478.81.2530
Predominant Reaching Low789.70.7598
Predominant Reaching Low/Med605.50.9909
Predominant Reaching Medium536.71.1180
Predominant Reaching Med/High499.21.2019
Predominant Reaching High475.21.2628
SA/DSPL Upwind22.72SA/DSPL Downwind41.73
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1096.00.5474
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med809.30.7414
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium689.40.8703
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High629.50.9531
5-Band Windward/Leeward High606.30.9897
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1101.30.5448
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med818.50.7330
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium702.00.8547
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High646.40.9282
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High627.40.9564
5-Band AP Low807.50.7430
5-Band AP Low/Med642.90.9332
5-Band AP Medium564.11.0636
5-Band AP Med/High523.31.1465
5-Band AP High503.31.1921
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low947.70.6331
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med773.70.7755
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium664.60.9028
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High611.00.9819
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High589.01.0186
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9009
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9276
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9496
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6842
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6887
Harvest Moon Regatta505.11.1879
Club Certificate2025
Loki42513
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassOlson 34Measurement08/10/2024HINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.359Max. Beam3.312Draft1.868Displacement5,254Wetted area23.91IMS L9.345LSM09.196Acc. length10.359Sink (kg/mm) 18.11
VCGD0.306VCGM0.078RM Rated (kg·m) 113.8Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight611Declared crew weight615
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.305PBW0.098PIPA0.0035
PSD0.025PHD0.052PHL0.189
PSA17.0°ESL0.991
ST10.022ST20.092ST30.092
ST40.043ST50.174
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstaysCheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.950IG13.564ISP13.655MDT10.107MDL10.177MDT20.111MDL20.128TL2.170MW0.145GO0.175
E4.000J3.920BAS1.570FSD0.028SFJSPL0.000WPL0.000TPS4.900BD0.125MWT124.30MCG4.340
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date29/04/2020
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
Loki42513
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment00.150.831.492.553.3628.3224/03/2025
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment00.060.771.523.054.626.2313.20NoNo 40.7224/03/2025
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment014.9012.6413.778.588.60100%98.5024/03/2025
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.4 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.73 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity88 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity58 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.