Club Certificate2025
MAEVEUSA 1010
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles45.5°45.5°43.4°42.2°41.0°40.0°39.7°39.3°40.1°
Beat VMG2.313.213.944.484.895.145.265.345.27
52°3.695.016.006.707.127.367.497.577.57
60°3.995.356.326.967.337.557.687.797.81
75°4.175.576.547.157.507.737.908.118.20
90°3.985.476.607.327.707.928.058.308.53
110°4.065.616.807.507.888.188.458.869.14
120°3.955.476.657.407.828.158.469.049.61
135°3.484.896.076.987.557.928.258.889.60
150°2.874.125.246.196.947.447.788.328.87
Run VMG2.483.574.545.366.016.496.897.518.02
Gybe Angles143.2°143.2°147.4°148.3°150.2°153.9°159.0°175.7°176.6°
APH ToD:562.9CDL: 9.615APH ToT: 1.0660CertNo:US7332
BOAT
ClassCatalina 42 mk2DesignerGerry DouglasBuilderCatalina YachtsAge date06/2007Series date07/1995Offset fileUS31154.OFFData fileUSA1010
HULL
Length Overall12.725 mMaximum Beam4.231 mDraft1.938 mDisplacement10,292 kgDLR7.7651IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.510%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFeathering 3 bladesDiameterm
CREW
Maximum weight787 kg(default)Minimum weight657 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail34.0034.19Headsail Luffed52.8352.83Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric119.36119.36 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail11.23Storm Jib13.05Heavy Weather Jib35.22
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ One set on the forestay
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MAEVEUSA 1010
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1561.91122.5914.6803.5736.5700.3684.5674.6682.9
52°976.7718.4599.9537.7505.3488.9480.5475.4475.6
60°903.4672.7569.8517.2491.2476.9468.5462.3460.8
75°862.5645.7550.6503.4479.9465.7455.8443.7439.0
90°904.0658.4545.5491.7467.5454.5447.2433.6422.0
110°887.0641.5529.3480.3456.6439.9426.2406.2393.7
120°910.7658.5541.7486.7460.2441.6425.6398.2374.4
135°1033.6736.1592.9515.4477.1454.6436.6405.2374.8
150°1256.4873.6686.5581.9518.4483.6462.9432.5406.1
Run VMG1450.61008.7792.7671.9598.5554.7522.5479.6448.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1505.71065.6853.7737.7667.5627.5603.5577.1565.8
All purpose1134.5814.8663.6584.3540.1514.9499.1480.0469.3
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward701.20.8557
All purpose562.91.0660
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7451
Downwind "popa"0.9074
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7874
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8517
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Predominantly Upwind611.50.9811
Predominantly Downwind571.81.0493
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low739.20.8117
Triple Number AP Medium558.91.0736
Triple Number AP High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1002.70.5984
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.50.9397
Single Number Predominant Reaching559.81.0717
Single Number Predominant Downwind598.31.0028
Predominant Upwind - Low908.00.6608
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.90.8799
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.01.0187
Predominant Upwind - Med/High542.51.1060
Predominant Upwind - High527.01.1384
Predominant Downwind Low885.30.6777
Predominant Downwind Low/Med648.80.9248
Predominant Downwind Medium549.31.0924
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.01.2170
Predominant Downwind High463.71.2940
Predominant Reaching Low795.00.7548
Predominant Reaching Low/Med596.81.0054
Predominant Reaching Medium517.91.1585
Predominant Reaching Med/High477.11.2577
Predominant Reaching High456.91.3132
SA/DSPL Upwind18.21SA/DSPL Downwind32.16
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1122.80.5344
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med816.50.7348
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium682.70.8788
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High608.50.9861
5-Band Windward/Leeward High579.71.0350
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1134.30.5290
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med829.20.7236
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium696.60.8613
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High624.80.9604
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High599.31.0011
5-Band AP Low813.60.7375
5-Band AP Low/Med639.70.9380
5-Band AP Medium550.11.0907
5-Band AP Med/High502.01.1953
5-Band AP High481.41.2463
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low968.00.6199
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med780.70.7686
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium657.30.9129
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High590.41.0162
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High565.01.0620
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9062
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9389
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9660
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6767
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6810
Harvest Moon Regatta487.01.2320
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance615.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating615.10.9754
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1099.80.9093
FinRating, kova tuuli485.21.0304
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)635.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.6
Predominantly Upwind611.5
Predominantly Downwind571.8
Predominantly Reaching546.2
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0006
Coastal/Long Distance0.9754
Predominantly Upwind0.9811
Predominantly Downwind1.0493
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)635.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0660
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8117
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0737
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2100
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6252
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8615
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0006
Motvind Singeltall0.9811
Medvind Singeltall1.0493
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind611.50.9811
Predominantly Downwind571.81.0493
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore569.21.0541
Cape Doctor Coastal472.51.2699
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0006
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0006
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Predominantly Upwind611.50.9811
Predominantly Downwind571.81.0493
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance615.10.9754
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low739.20.8117
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium558.81.0737
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low959.70.6252
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1592.71059.9800.1661.5577.9534.5504.5460.5447.0
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low739.20.8117
Triple Number AP Medium558.91.0736
Triple Number AP High495.91.2100
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1002.70.5984
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium696.50.8615
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High599.61.0006
Single Number Predominant Upwind638.50.9397
Single Number Predominant Reaching559.81.0717
Single Number Predominant Downwind598.31.0028
Predominant Upwind - Low908.00.6608
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med681.90.8799
Predominant Upwind - Medium589.01.0187
Predominant Upwind - Med/High542.51.1060
Predominant Upwind - High527.01.1384
Predominant Downwind Low885.30.6777
Predominant Downwind Low/Med648.80.9248
Predominant Downwind Medium549.31.0924
Predominant Downwind Med/High493.01.2170
Predominant Downwind High463.71.2940
Predominant Reaching Low795.00.7548
Predominant Reaching Low/Med596.81.0054
Predominant Reaching Medium517.91.1585
Predominant Reaching Med/High477.11.2577
Predominant Reaching High456.91.3132
SA/DSPL Upwind18.21SA/DSPL Downwind32.16
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1122.80.5344
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med816.50.7348
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium682.70.8788
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High608.50.9861
5-Band Windward/Leeward High579.71.0350
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1134.30.5290
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med829.20.7236
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium696.60.8613
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High624.80.9604
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High599.31.0011
5-Band AP Low813.60.7375
5-Band AP Low/Med639.70.9380
5-Band AP Medium550.11.0907
5-Band AP Med/High502.01.1953
5-Band AP High481.41.2463
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low968.00.6199
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med780.70.7686
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium657.30.9129
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High590.41.0162
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High565.01.0620
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9062
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9389
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9660
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6767
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6810
Harvest Moon Regatta487.01.2320
Club Certificate2025
MAEVEUSA 1010
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassCatalina 42 mk2MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.725Max. Beam4.231Draft1.938Displacement10,292Wetted area35.32IMS L11.009LSM010.984Acc. length12.725Sink (kg/mm) 25.80
VCGD0.096VCGM0.129RM Rated (kg·m) 221.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight787Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFeathering 3 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRDPBW
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionFixedInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerYesMainsail furlerIn mastArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P14.250IG16.150ISP16.150MDT10.180MDL10.220MDT2MDL2TLMWGO
E4.500J5.000BAS1.900FSDSFJSPLWPLTPS5.200BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date21/07/2021
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MAEVEUSA 1010
US SAILING
1 ROGER WILLIAMS UNI WAY
BRISTOL, RI 02809
USA
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentRF Main0.040.711.372.493.4134.0023/05/20192007 sail
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentGenoa0.070.831.673.345.096.9715.50NoNo 52.8323/05/20192007 sail
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateCommentA217.3114.6916.008.958.96100%119.3623/05/2019
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.7 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.84 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity167 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity104 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.