Club Certificate2025
ALIZE G 28TUR 348
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.3°42.3°39.8°37.4°36.3°35.9°35.6°35.7°37.0°
Beat VMG2.513.444.164.624.844.945.005.064.99
52°3.905.196.026.446.646.746.816.896.90
60°4.145.436.206.576.796.927.007.107.14
75°4.285.576.326.686.957.167.317.497.58
90°4.365.706.506.857.057.257.507.888.12
110°4.395.766.617.077.457.778.028.519.02
120°4.235.616.517.017.457.898.359.2010.23
135°3.655.056.116.707.157.618.149.9412.61
150°3.014.265.336.176.687.067.488.4911.41
Run VMG2.603.694.615.355.976.476.867.639.88
Gybe Angles143.1°143.1°147.9°151.1°163.3°170.5°176.3°173.2°142.3°
APH ToD:577.9CDL: 8.036APH ToT: 1.0382CertNo:
BOAT
ClassGORBON 28DesignerBuilderAge date01/2000Series date01/1997Offset fileGORBON28.OFFData fileTUR348
HULL
Length Overall8.630 mMaximum Beam2.722 mDraft1.921 mDisplacement2,374 kgDLR5.3599IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.120%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameterm
CREW
Maximum weight510 kg(declared)Minimum weight380 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail26.6227.24Headsail Luffed16.8916.89Headsail FlyingSymmetric58.2058.20Asymmetric64.1164.11 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail7.81Storm Jib5.72Heavy Weather Jib15.43
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
✱ Asymmetric SHALL NOT be tacked on the pole
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
IRC ENDORSED 2024
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
ALIZE G 28TUR 348
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1435.61045.0864.8778.6744.5729.2720.0712.0721.0
52°923.3694.2597.6559.1542.1533.9528.5522.4521.5
60°869.2663.4580.6547.8530.3520.4514.3506.7504.4
75°841.1646.4569.9538.6518.1503.0492.7480.9475.0
90°825.6631.4554.2525.2510.4496.3479.9456.9443.6
110°820.6624.6544.6509.3483.0463.2449.1423.3399.3
120°851.8641.3552.7513.9483.3456.2430.9391.2352.0
135°985.5713.1589.7537.2503.7472.8442.3362.3285.5
150°1197.1846.0675.8583.7539.0510.0481.4424.2315.6
Run VMG1385.5976.9780.3673.3603.2556.6524.5471.7364.4
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1409.91011.0822.5725.9673.8642.9622.3591.9542.7
All purpose1063.6781.7654.7595.1562.6541.5524.7495.8462.2
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward700.50.8565
All purpose577.91.0382
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7508
Downwind "popa"0.9157
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7937
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8591
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Predominantly Upwind625.40.9594
Predominantly Downwind581.91.0311
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low718.20.8354
Triple Number AP Medium575.91.0419
Triple Number AP High518.11.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.50.6273
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Single Number Predominant Upwind647.50.9266
Single Number Predominant Reaching572.41.0483
Single Number Predominant Downwind602.00.9966
Predominant Upwind - Low862.60.6956
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med675.80.8878
Predominant Upwind - Medium609.40.9847
Predominant Upwind - Med/High573.91.0455
Predominant Upwind - High552.41.0862
Predominant Downwind Low851.60.7046
Predominant Downwind Low/Med649.30.9241
Predominant Downwind Medium566.31.0595
Predominant Downwind Med/High506.31.1850
Predominant Downwind High454.91.3191
Predominant Reaching Low762.30.7871
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.30.9945
Predominant Reaching Medium544.21.1025
Predominant Reaching Med/High501.21.1972
Predominant Reaching High464.31.2924
SA/DSPL Upwind24.38SA/DSPL Downwind50.84
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1063.80.5640
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med794.30.7554
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium685.40.8754
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High624.90.9601
5-Band Windward/Leeward High588.61.0193
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1070.50.5605
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med804.10.7462
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.40.8579
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High644.40.9311
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High613.90.9774
5-Band AP Low785.30.7640
5-Band AP Low/Med638.80.9393
5-Band AP Medium569.01.0545
5-Band AP Med/High525.91.1410
5-Band AP High495.01.2122
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low920.70.6516
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med761.30.7882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium663.80.9039
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High609.20.9849
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High573.61.0460
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9019
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9338
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9618
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7009
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7057
Harvest Moon Regatta506.71.1841
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance625.3
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating625.30.9595
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1042.90.9588
FinRating, kova tuuli495.11.0099
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)643.3
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.2
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.0
Predominantly Upwind625.4
Predominantly Downwind581.9
Predominantly Reaching562.1
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9740
Coastal/Long Distance0.9595
Predominantly Upwind0.9594
Predominantly Downwind1.0311
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)643.3
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.0382
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8354
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0420
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1582
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6545
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8622
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9740
Motvind Singeltall0.9594
Medvind Singeltall1.0311
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind625.40.9594
Predominantly Downwind581.91.0311
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore557.51.0763
Cape Doctor Coastal472.21.2705
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9740
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9740
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Predominantly Upwind625.40.9594
Predominantly Downwind581.91.0311
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance625.30.9595
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low718.20.8354
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium575.81.0420
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High518.01.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low916.70.6545
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1487.51007.6776.2661.6597.7561.3529.7476.7442.9
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low718.20.8354
Triple Number AP Medium575.91.0419
Triple Number AP High518.11.1582
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low956.50.6273
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium695.90.8622
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High616.00.9740
Single Number Predominant Upwind647.50.9266
Single Number Predominant Reaching572.41.0483
Single Number Predominant Downwind602.00.9966
Predominant Upwind - Low862.60.6956
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med675.80.8878
Predominant Upwind - Medium609.40.9847
Predominant Upwind - Med/High573.91.0455
Predominant Upwind - High552.41.0862
Predominant Downwind Low851.60.7046
Predominant Downwind Low/Med649.30.9241
Predominant Downwind Medium566.31.0595
Predominant Downwind Med/High506.31.1850
Predominant Downwind High454.91.3191
Predominant Reaching Low762.30.7871
Predominant Reaching Low/Med603.30.9945
Predominant Reaching Medium544.21.1025
Predominant Reaching Med/High501.21.1972
Predominant Reaching High464.31.2924
SA/DSPL Upwind24.38SA/DSPL Downwind50.84
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1063.80.5640
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med794.30.7554
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium685.40.8754
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High624.90.9601
5-Band Windward/Leeward High588.61.0193
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1070.50.5605
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med804.10.7462
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium699.40.8579
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High644.40.9311
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High613.90.9774
5-Band AP Low785.30.7640
5-Band AP Low/Med638.80.9393
5-Band AP Medium569.01.0545
5-Band AP Med/High525.91.1410
5-Band AP High495.01.2122
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low920.70.6516
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med761.30.7882
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium663.80.9039
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High609.20.9849
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High573.61.0460
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9019
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9338
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9618
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7009
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7057
Harvest Moon Regatta506.71.1841
Club Certificate2025
ALIZE G 28TUR 348
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassGORBON 28Measurement01/10/2020HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA8.630Max. Beam2.722Draft1.921Displacement2,374Wetted area15.00IMS L8.025LSM07.622Acc. length8.630Sink (kg/mm) 11.01
VCGD-0.210VCGM-0.177RM Rated (kg·m) 43.6Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight467Declared crew weight510
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRDPBW
EDLST1ST2
ST3ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P10.900IG10.690ISP12.220MDT10.080MDL10.120MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.090J3.120BAS1.360FSDFoilSFJSPL3.140WPLTPS3.150BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date05/03/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
ALIZE G 28TUR 348
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentA0.851.512.6426.62IRC ENDORSED 2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentA0.450.861.643.2010.35NoNo 16.89IRC ENDORSED 2024
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentA11.4511.4511.456.205.7058.20IRC ENDORSED 2024
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment012.2711.7712.026.257.0089%64.11
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length8.6 mTable area0.33 m²Headroom1.55 mMinimum number of berths3Personal gear stowage0.12 m³Fresh water capacity39 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit3Food stowage0.18 m³Fuel capacity22 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.