Club Certificate2025
MARMARISATUR
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles44.7°44.7°42.6°41.3°40.0°39.4°39.1°39.1°40.0°
Beat VMG2.433.384.144.725.135.335.435.495.42
52°3.855.236.266.977.417.657.757.857.86
60°4.145.566.567.227.627.867.988.108.13
75°4.335.786.777.417.798.068.278.528.64
90°4.325.917.087.738.058.248.408.839.11
110°4.446.077.277.938.388.769.069.479.83
120°4.325.947.157.858.328.769.189.9210.47
135°3.755.296.577.478.008.448.899.8411.21
150°3.134.455.626.647.437.918.289.029.85
Run VMG2.713.864.865.756.456.927.338.008.63
Gybe Angles142.9°142.9°147.1°148.3°151.6°155.2°160.4°162.7°160.9°
APH ToD:533.3CDL: 10.152APH ToT: 1.1250CertNo:
BOAT
ClassHanse 400eDesignerJudel&VrolikBuilderHanse YachtsAge date01/2011Series date01/2005Offset fileHANSE400-TKEEL.offData fileMARMARISA TUR
HULL
Length Overall12.027 mMaximum Beam4.036 mDraft2.080 mDisplacement9,193 kgDLR6.6421IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.240%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.450m
CREW
Maximum weight800 kg(declared)Minimum weight670 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail51.6152.34Headsail Luffed38.3538.35Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric151.10151.10 (All asymmetric spinnakers with SHW/SFL > 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail15.91Storm Jib13.62Heavy Weather Jib36.76
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
IRC ENDORSED 16Jan24
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
MARMARISATUR
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1482.71066.6869.4762.8701.9675.2663.4656.2663.8
52°935.0688.3575.5516.6485.5470.8464.5458.6458.2
60°869.4647.6548.9498.6472.3458.2451.0444.3442.8
75°831.6623.2531.8486.0462.0446.4435.2422.6416.6
90°833.1609.4508.7465.7447.2436.9428.5407.7395.0
110°811.3592.9495.1453.7429.6410.9397.5380.2366.2
120°832.4605.9503.5458.6432.7410.9392.2362.8343.8
135°959.7680.4547.7482.2449.9426.3404.9366.0321.0
150°1149.0808.4640.9542.2484.4455.2434.7399.1365.6
Run VMG1326.8933.4740.1626.1558.2520.1491.1450.2416.9
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1404.61000.0804.7694.5630.0597.6577.3553.2540.4
All purpose1060.5765.0625.9552.8512.3489.9475.2455.1441.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward663.30.9046
All purpose533.31.1250
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7784
Downwind "popa"0.9724
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8280
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9048
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Predominantly Upwind582.41.0302
Predominantly Downwind537.81.1157
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low695.40.8628
Triple Number AP Medium529.71.1326
Triple Number AP High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low941.60.6372
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Single Number Predominant Upwind607.80.9872
Single Number Predominant Reaching528.51.1353
Single Number Predominant Downwind561.51.0686
Predominant Upwind - Low857.80.6995
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med646.60.9279
Predominant Upwind - Medium561.61.0684
Predominant Upwind - Med/High520.51.1527
Predominant Upwind - High504.71.1888
Predominant Downwind Low823.60.7285
Predominant Downwind Low/Med607.80.9872
Predominant Downwind Medium517.81.1587
Predominant Downwind Med/High465.21.2899
Predominant Downwind High433.21.3850
Predominant Reaching Low742.30.8083
Predominant Reaching Low/Med561.51.0685
Predominant Reaching Medium491.61.2206
Predominant Reaching Med/High453.11.3241
Predominant Reaching High429.21.3980
SA/DSPL Upwind20.35SA/DSPL Downwind45.85
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1052.40.5701
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med768.80.7804
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium645.60.9294
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High581.11.0326
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.21.0808
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1066.20.5628
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med782.30.7670
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium660.10.9089
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High598.31.0028
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High575.91.0419
5-Band AP Low762.60.7868
5-Band AP Low/Med603.80.9937
5-Band AP Medium521.71.1501
5-Band AP Med/High477.41.2568
5-Band AP High456.21.3151
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low909.80.6595
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med735.60.8156
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium622.20.9643
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High563.51.0648
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High539.41.1124
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9536
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9944
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0301
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7205
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7248
Harvest Moon Regatta459.71.3052
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance582.2
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating582.21.0306
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1029.10.9717
FinRating, kova tuuli459.21.0889
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)600.7
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.4
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.7
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.3
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.4
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.0
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.3
Predominantly Upwind582.4
Predominantly Downwind537.8
Predominantly Reaching515.3
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0465
Coastal/Long Distance1.0306
Predominantly Upwind1.0302
Predominantly Downwind1.1157
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)600.7
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1250
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8628
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1328
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2730
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6649
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9119
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0465
Motvind Singeltall1.0302
Medvind Singeltall1.1157
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind582.41.0302
Predominantly Downwind537.81.1157
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore544.21.1025
Cape Doctor Coastal445.71.3463
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0465
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0465
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Predominantly Upwind582.41.0302
Predominantly Downwind537.81.1157
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance582.21.0306
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low695.40.8628
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium529.71.1328
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low902.40.6649
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1482.3993.4753.9624.0547.4508.8479.9433.9420.3
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low695.40.8628
Triple Number AP Medium529.71.1326
Triple Number AP High471.31.2730
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low941.60.6372
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium658.00.9119
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High573.31.0465
Single Number Predominant Upwind607.80.9872
Single Number Predominant Reaching528.51.1353
Single Number Predominant Downwind561.51.0686
Predominant Upwind - Low857.80.6995
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med646.60.9279
Predominant Upwind - Medium561.61.0684
Predominant Upwind - Med/High520.51.1527
Predominant Upwind - High504.71.1888
Predominant Downwind Low823.60.7285
Predominant Downwind Low/Med607.80.9872
Predominant Downwind Medium517.81.1587
Predominant Downwind Med/High465.21.2899
Predominant Downwind High433.21.3850
Predominant Reaching Low742.30.8083
Predominant Reaching Low/Med561.51.0685
Predominant Reaching Medium491.61.2206
Predominant Reaching Med/High453.11.3241
Predominant Reaching High429.21.3980
SA/DSPL Upwind20.35SA/DSPL Downwind45.85
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1052.40.5701
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med768.80.7804
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium645.60.9294
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High581.11.0326
5-Band Windward/Leeward High555.21.0808
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1066.20.5628
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med782.30.7670
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium660.10.9089
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High598.31.0028
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High575.91.0419
5-Band AP Low762.60.7868
5-Band AP Low/Med603.80.9937
5-Band AP Medium521.71.1501
5-Band AP Med/High477.41.2568
5-Band AP High456.21.3151
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low909.80.6595
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med735.60.8156
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium622.20.9643
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High563.51.0648
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High539.41.1124
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9536
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9944
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0301
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7205
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7248
Harvest Moon Regatta459.71.3052
Club Certificate2025
MARMARISATUR
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassHanse 400eMeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.027Max. Beam4.036Draft2.080Displacement9,193Wetted area35.48IMS L11.252LSM011.143Acc. length12.027Sink (kg/mm) 27.99
VCGD0.018VCGM0.210RM Rated (kg·m) 275.3Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight803Declared crew weight800
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.450PBWPIPA0.0036
EDL3.225ST10.042ST20.180
ST30.180ST40.112ST50.280
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P16.200IG16.500ISP16.567MDT10.132MDL10.235MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E5.610J4.370BAS1.635FSDFoilSFJ0.000SPLWPLTPS5.250BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date30/04/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
MARMARISATUR
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.161.021.893.374.6051.6129/04/2025Measured by BARIS CELIK
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.120.731.352.463.514.4916.05NoNo 38.3529/04/2025Measured by BARIS CELIK
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment019.8217.2018.519.829.70101%151.1029/04/2025Measured by BARIS CELIK019.1916.7517.979.759.71100%145.8929/04/2025Measured by BARIS CELIK
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity150 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity90 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.