Club Certificate2025
JUMBO JETGBR 1605R
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.4°43.4°41.1°39.3°37.5°36.8°36.7°36.7°37.5°
Beat VMG2.453.434.224.805.125.265.355.435.40
52°3.845.236.256.867.167.307.397.497.52
60°4.105.526.507.047.337.517.617.737.78
75°4.245.726.747.237.517.777.968.178.29
90°4.475.976.967.477.818.048.228.628.87
110°4.415.987.087.668.128.488.799.5210.17
120°4.255.836.997.618.168.679.1710.0211.37
135°3.655.186.457.267.818.399.0010.7413.46
150°3.054.355.516.507.237.708.179.2812.31
Run VMG2.643.774.775.636.296.727.118.0410.66
Gybe Angles142.6°142.6°146.9°148.7°152.8°155.9°155.9°145.1°142.7°
APH ToD:542.3CDL: 9.349APH ToT: 1.1064CertNo:
BOAT
ClassJ 105DesignerJohnstoneBuilderJ EuropeAge date01/2001Series date01/1991Offset filej105.offData fileGBR1605R JUMBO JET
HULL
Length Overall10.570 mMaximum Beam3.344 mDraft1.998 mDisplacement3,804 kgDLR4.5381IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.180%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.350m
CREW
Maximum weight600 kg(declared)Minimum weight470 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail33.9234.65Headsail Luffed25.3825.39Headsail FlyingSymmetricAsymmetric102.88102.88 (1 asymmetric(s) with SHW/SFL < 85%)
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail9.86Storm Jib7.57Heavy Weather Jib20.43
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5
✱ Woven polyester sails
Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
IRC ENDORSED 2024
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
JUMBO JETGBR 1605R
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1467.11051.0853.2750.6702.9684.1673.4663.6666.5
52°936.3687.9575.9524.8503.0493.2487.3480.8479.0
60°877.7652.4554.0511.5491.0479.6473.3465.5462.5
75°849.9629.2533.8498.1479.2463.1452.1440.4434.3
90°805.6603.3517.3482.2460.7447.6438.1417.8405.7
110°816.6602.2508.4469.7443.1424.8409.8378.3354.1
120°846.3617.2515.2472.8441.3415.2392.6359.2316.7
135°987.5695.3558.1496.1460.8429.3399.8335.1267.5
150°1181.2827.6653.9554.0498.0467.6440.4387.7292.4
Run VMG1364.6955.6755.1639.7572.3535.9506.2447.7337.6
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1415.61003.3804.1695.1637.6610.0589.8555.7502.0
All purpose1066.1768.4629.4560.3523.2502.1486.0457.9424.4
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward669.60.8960
All purpose542.31.1064
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.7808
Downwind "popa"0.9519
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.8253
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8932
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Predominantly Upwind590.01.0169
Predominantly Downwind547.31.0962
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low698.90.8585
Triple Number AP Medium539.21.1128
Triple Number AP High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low944.00.6356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Single Number Predominant Upwind614.50.9764
Single Number Predominant Reaching536.31.1189
Single Number Predominant Downwind569.51.0536
Predominant Upwind - Low855.50.7014
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med648.70.9250
Predominant Upwind - Medium570.81.0512
Predominant Upwind - Med/High532.61.1266
Predominant Upwind - High511.61.1728
Predominant Downwind Low834.80.7188
Predominant Downwind Low/Med618.00.9708
Predominant Downwind Medium529.01.1342
Predominant Downwind Med/High471.41.2728
Predominant Downwind High423.31.4174
Predominant Reaching Low744.90.8055
Predominant Reaching Low/Med570.01.0526
Predominant Reaching Medium502.81.1932
Predominant Reaching Med/High460.81.3022
Predominant Reaching High428.11.4017
SA/DSPL Upwind24.23SA/DSPL Downwind55.89
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1056.60.5678
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med770.50.7788
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium652.50.9196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.51.0144
5-Band Windward/Leeward High552.31.0864
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1066.40.5626
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med781.20.7681
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium665.50.9015
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High608.40.9862
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High575.01.0435
5-Band AP Low770.00.7792
5-Band AP Low/Med609.80.9839
5-Band AP Medium531.61.1287
5-Band AP Med/High487.11.2318
5-Band AP High456.91.3131
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low910.90.6587
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med736.70.8144
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium628.40.9548
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High571.61.0497
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High535.21.1210
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9464
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9830
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0142
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7155
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7204
Harvest Moon Regatta468.01.2820
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance590.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating590.11.0169
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1034.80.9664
FinRating, kova tuuli456.61.0950
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)609.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.7
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.1
Predominantly Upwind590.0
Predominantly Downwind547.3
Predominantly Reaching524.6
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0308
Coastal/Long Distance1.0169
Predominantly Upwind1.0169
Predominantly Downwind1.0962
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)609.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1064
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.8585
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1129
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.2514
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6639
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9040
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.0308
Motvind Singeltall1.0169
Medvind Singeltall1.0962
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind590.01.0169
Predominantly Downwind547.31.0962
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore518.11.1580
Cape Doctor Coastal434.51.3810
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0308
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.0308
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Predominantly Upwind590.01.0169
Predominantly Downwind547.31.0962
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance590.11.0169
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low698.90.8585
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium539.11.1129
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low903.80.6639
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1498.4998.5755.3628.6557.3520.7490.3439.6405.6
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low698.90.8585
Triple Number AP Medium539.21.1128
Triple Number AP High479.51.2514
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low944.00.6356
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium663.70.9040
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High582.11.0308
Single Number Predominant Upwind614.50.9764
Single Number Predominant Reaching536.31.1189
Single Number Predominant Downwind569.51.0536
Predominant Upwind - Low855.50.7014
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med648.70.9250
Predominant Upwind - Medium570.81.0512
Predominant Upwind - Med/High532.61.1266
Predominant Upwind - High511.61.1728
Predominant Downwind Low834.80.7188
Predominant Downwind Low/Med618.00.9708
Predominant Downwind Medium529.01.1342
Predominant Downwind Med/High471.41.2728
Predominant Downwind High423.31.4174
Predominant Reaching Low744.90.8055
Predominant Reaching Low/Med570.01.0526
Predominant Reaching Medium502.81.1932
Predominant Reaching Med/High460.81.3022
Predominant Reaching High428.11.4017
SA/DSPL Upwind24.23SA/DSPL Downwind55.89
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1056.60.5678
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med770.50.7788
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium652.50.9196
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High591.51.0144
5-Band Windward/Leeward High552.31.0864
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1066.40.5626
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med781.20.7681
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium665.50.9015
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High608.40.9862
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High575.01.0435
5-Band AP Low770.00.7792
5-Band AP Low/Med609.80.9839
5-Band AP Medium531.61.1287
5-Band AP Med/High487.11.2318
5-Band AP High456.91.3131
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low910.90.6587
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med736.70.8144
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium628.40.9548
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High571.61.0497
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High535.21.1210
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.9464
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.9830
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0142
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7155
Bayview-Mac Shore0.7204
Harvest Moon Regatta468.01.2820
Club Certificate2025
JUMBO JETGBR 1605R
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassJ 105Measurement29/12/2024HINPlan reviewHull constructionCoredCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA10.570Max. Beam3.344Draft1.998Displacement3,804Wetted area22.57IMS L9.672LSM09.428Acc. length10.570Sink (kg/mm) 16.97
VCGD0.040VCGM0.030RM Rated (kg·m) 88.7Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight633Declared crew weight600
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.350PBWPIPA0.0012
PSDPHDPHL
PSAESL
ST1ST2ST3
ST4ST5
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P12.650IG12.300ISP12.750MDT10.103MDL10.173MDT2MDL2TLTaperMWGO
E4.450J4.110BAS1.520FSDFoilSFJSPLWPLTPS5.600BDMWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date24/08/2025
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
JUMBO JETGBR 1605R
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment10.971.692.9133.92ırc endorsed 2024
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment10.531.032.104.2012.05NoNo 25.38IRC ENDORSED 2024
ASYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLRatioAreaMeas.DateComment116.7014.2415.478.057.70105%102.88IRC ENDORSED 2024013.2510.4511.855.787.7075%60.87Measured by MA YELKENBICER
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length10.6 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.74 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity92 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity62 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.