Club Certificate2025
RUNNERTUR 2027
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles42.2°42.2°39.6°37.4°36.6°36.2°36.0°36.0°37.1°
Beat VMG3.024.124.935.375.565.665.735.785.71
52°4.726.207.107.507.677.777.847.927.89
60°5.036.497.297.677.877.988.068.168.20
75°5.246.687.427.828.098.288.408.598.70
90°5.086.557.377.828.168.468.719.059.29
110°4.636.237.337.898.308.628.879.319.94
120°4.446.057.207.828.308.759.189.8910.61
135°3.865.416.657.478.008.509.0310.3612.89
150°3.184.545.766.797.508.008.489.5711.55
Run VMG2.753.944.995.896.637.247.728.6010.00
Gybe Angles142.2°142.2°147.8°152.7°158.8°166.0°170.9°170.5°144.0°
APH ToD:508.3CDL: 10.515APH ToT: 1.1804CertNo:
BOAT
Class12m modDesignerHUMPHREYSBuilderAge date01/1992Series date01/1992Offset fileK16883.OFFData fileK16883
HULL
Length Overall12.120 mMaximum Beam3.680 mDraft2.282 mDisplacement5,355 kgDLR5.6319IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.000%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationStrutTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.423m
CREW
Maximum weight900 kg(declared)Minimum weight765 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail51.3252.67Headsail Luffed42.9342.93Headsail FlyingSymmetric108.83108.83Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail14.79Storm Jib13.78Heavy Weather Jib37.21
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails6Spinnakers5
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
COMMENTS
IRC ENDORSED 2024
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
RUNNERTUR 2027
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1193.4873.9730.6670.6647.8636.0628.5622.4630.5
52°762.6580.6507.0479.9469.2463.3459.3454.7456.1
60°715.9554.9493.8469.3457.6451.3446.9441.3439.2
75°687.1538.9485.3460.5444.8434.6428.4419.2414.0
90°709.3549.7488.4460.5441.1425.5413.5397.8387.6
110°778.2577.8491.1456.0433.9417.5405.9386.8362.3
120°810.8595.4500.0460.3433.7411.3392.1363.9339.5
135°933.1666.0541.0482.1450.0423.4398.8347.4279.4
150°1133.1792.1624.7530.5479.9449.8424.5376.0311.8
Run VMG1308.9914.7721.4610.8542.8497.5466.3418.5360.0
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1250.3894.3726.0640.7595.3566.8547.4520.4495.2
All purpose939.0689.2576.3523.1494.5475.6461.6439.5417.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward618.20.9706
All purpose508.31.1804
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.8732
Downwind "popa"1.0067
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.9094
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.9626
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Predominantly Upwind544.51.1020
Predominantly Downwind518.41.1574
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low632.80.9482
Triple Number AP Medium506.21.1853
Triple Number AP High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low845.70.7095
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Single Number Predominant Upwind562.91.0660
Single Number Predominant Reaching504.11.1903
Single Number Predominant Downwind538.71.1138
Predominant Upwind - Low740.90.8099
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med585.41.0249
Predominant Upwind - Medium531.01.1300
Predominant Upwind - Med/High501.91.1955
Predominant Upwind - High486.01.2347
Predominant Downwind Low773.70.7755
Predominant Downwind Low/Med582.51.0301
Predominant Downwind Medium502.81.1932
Predominant Downwind Med/High449.21.3357
Predominant Downwind High410.41.4620
Predominant Reaching Low674.70.8893
Predominant Reaching Low/Med532.41.1270
Predominant Reaching Medium477.41.2568
Predominant Reaching Med/High440.21.3630
Predominant Reaching High413.31.4516
SA/DSPL Upwind30.62SA/DSPL Downwind52.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low941.40.6373
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med701.40.8554
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium604.90.9919
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High550.11.0906
5-Band Windward/Leeward High520.71.1522
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low936.70.6405
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med704.80.8513
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium614.90.9758
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High566.21.0597
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High541.61.1079
5-Band AP Low697.60.8601
5-Band AP Low/Med562.11.0674
5-Band AP Medium500.11.1997
5-Band AP Med/High463.01.2959
5-Band AP High439.51.3651
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low810.90.7400
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med670.10.8954
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium584.71.0262
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High536.61.1181
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High508.81.1794
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0386
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0600
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0741
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7936
Bayview-Mac Shore0.8007
Harvest Moon Regatta445.91.3456
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance550.8
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating550.81.0894
FinRating, kevyt tuuli925.11.0810
FinRating, kova tuuli441.31.1331
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance1.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)566.0
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.8
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.1
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.2
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.2
Predominantly Upwind544.5
Predominantly Downwind518.4
Predominantly Reaching496.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1067
Coastal/Long Distance1.0894
Predominantly Upwind1.1020
Predominantly Downwind1.1574
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)566.0
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)1.1804
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.9482
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.1855
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.3134
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.7406
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.9769
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind1.1067
Motvind Singeltall1.1020
Medvind Singeltall1.1574
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind544.51.1020
Predominantly Downwind518.41.1574
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore502.81.1933
Cape Doctor Coastal424.11.4146
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1067
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High1.1067
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Predominantly Upwind544.51.1020
Predominantly Downwind518.41.1574
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance550.81.0894
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low632.80.9482
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium506.11.1855
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low810.20.7406
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1333.2896.3686.1583.2525.5492.8465.8422.6402.4
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low632.80.9482
Triple Number AP Medium506.21.1853
Triple Number AP High456.81.3134
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low845.70.7095
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium614.20.9769
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High542.21.1067
Single Number Predominant Upwind562.91.0660
Single Number Predominant Reaching504.11.1903
Single Number Predominant Downwind538.71.1138
Predominant Upwind - Low740.90.8099
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med585.41.0249
Predominant Upwind - Medium531.01.1300
Predominant Upwind - Med/High501.91.1955
Predominant Upwind - High486.01.2347
Predominant Downwind Low773.70.7755
Predominant Downwind Low/Med582.51.0301
Predominant Downwind Medium502.81.1932
Predominant Downwind Med/High449.21.3357
Predominant Downwind High410.41.4620
Predominant Reaching Low674.70.8893
Predominant Reaching Low/Med532.41.1270
Predominant Reaching Medium477.41.2568
Predominant Reaching Med/High440.21.3630
Predominant Reaching High413.31.4516
SA/DSPL Upwind30.62SA/DSPL Downwind52.03
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low941.40.6373
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med701.40.8554
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium604.90.9919
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High550.11.0906
5-Band Windward/Leeward High520.71.1522
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low936.70.6405
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med704.80.8513
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium614.90.9758
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High566.21.0597
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High541.61.1079
5-Band AP Low697.60.8601
5-Band AP Low/Med562.11.0674
5-Band AP Medium500.11.1997
5-Band AP Med/High463.01.2959
5-Band AP High439.51.3651
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low810.90.7400
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med670.10.8954
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium584.71.0262
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High536.61.1181
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High508.81.1794
Chicago-Mac Upwind1.0386
Chicago-Mac All Purpose1.0600
Chicago-Mac Downwind1.0741
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.7936
Bayview-Mac Shore0.8007
Harvest Moon Regatta445.91.3456
Club Certificate2025
RUNNERTUR 2027
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
Class12m modMeasurement03/07/1991HINPlan reviewHull constructionLightCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA12.120Max. Beam3.680Draft2.282Displacement5,355Wetted area25.41IMS L10.400LSM09.832Acc. length11.960Sink (kg/mm) 19.54
VCGD-0.319VCGM-0.181RM Rated (kg·m) 138.4Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight672Declared crew weight900
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationStrutTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.423PBW0.107PIPA0.0030
EDL1.446ST10.048ST20.170
ST30.170ST40.098ST50.242
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstaysCheckstays0Spreaders2Rotating mastNo
P15.250IG16.600ISP16.640MDT10.120MDL10.255MDT20.063MDL20.084TL1.080MWGO
E5.540J4.420BAS1.870FSD0.034SFJ0.000SPL4.580WPLTPSBD0.251MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodRM estimatedFlotation Date24/11/2024
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
RUNNERTUR 2027
Turkiye
Sailing
Federation
www.tyf.org.tr/
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateComment00.301.242.143.664.7351.3205/12/2025measured by BARIS CELIK
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateComment00.120.781.492.954.486.0314.32NoNo 42.9309/01/2025measured by BARIS CELIK10.100.631.562.163.184.2214.66NoNo 32.6509/01/2025measured by BARIS CELIK
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateComment115.7515.7515.758.298.30108.8305/12/2025measured by BARIS CELIK014.5114.5114.518.277.8999.0805/12/2025measured by BARIS CELIK
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length12.0 mTable area0.55 m²Headroom1.81 mMinimum number of berths5Personal gear stowage0.20 m³Fresh water capacity150 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit5Food stowage0.30 m³Fuel capacity90 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.