Club Certificate2025
AiolosHUN 295
Hungarian Sailing Federation
2040 Budaörs
Liget utca 3/2
HUNGARY
Rated boat velocities in knots
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat Angles43.3°43.3°41.1°39.5°38.6°38.2°38.2°38.5°40.0°
Beat VMG2.263.133.824.304.554.654.704.714.60
52°3.514.765.666.206.476.576.636.676.65
60°3.725.015.906.396.646.766.826.886.87
75°3.845.166.066.546.816.997.117.227.26
90°4.025.396.296.666.857.097.297.567.68
110°4.065.486.456.917.207.407.577.858.09
120°3.875.306.346.877.257.577.848.238.59
135°3.374.725.826.617.057.457.858.759.97
150°2.763.975.066.016.687.087.468.279.52
Run VMG2.393.444.385.215.956.486.877.578.34
Gybe Angles145.8°145.8°150.6°151.9°160.0°168.5°175.4°176.6°165.4°
APH ToD:601.6CDL: 7.779APH ToT: 0.9974CertNo:008/25
BOAT
ClassElan 295DesignerHumphreysBuilderElanAge date01/1999Series date10/1996Offset fileCRO004.OFFData fileHUN295
HULL
Length Overall9.184 mMaximum Beam2.954 mDraft1.790 mDisplacement3,377 kgDLR6.2811IMS DivisionCruiser/RacerDynamic Allowance0.220%Age Allowance0.487%
PROPELLER
InstallationShaft exposedTypeFolding 2 bladesDiameter0.390m
CREW
Maximum weight512 kg(default)Minimum weight382 kg ✱ when appliedNon Manual PowerNoCrew Arm Extension
SAIL AREAS (m²)
MeasuredRatedMainsail27.3027.66Headsail Luffed17.2817.28Headsail FlyingSymmetric74.4674.46Asymmetric
STORM SAIL AREAS (m²)
Trysail8.54Storm Jib6.17Heavy Weather Jib16.64
SAIL LIMITS
Headsails5Spinnakers4
STABILITY
Righting MomentN/AStability IndexN/A
The owner and any other person in charge is responsible that boat is complying with her certificate in accordance with RRS 78.1 and ORC Rule 304.
Club Certificate2025
AiolosHUN 295
Hungarian Sailing Federation
2040 Budaörs
Liget utca 3/2
HUNGARY
Time Allowances in secs/NM
Wind Velocity 4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Beat VMG1595.01151.1942.7837.2790.4774.3766.5764.0783.2
52°1025.6756.6636.0580.5556.7547.7543.0539.4541.7
60°967.7719.1610.5563.8542.1532.4527.7523.3523.8
75°937.3698.0594.3550.8528.6514.9506.4498.8496.2
90°895.2668.0572.2540.4525.3507.6493.6476.2469.0
110°886.5656.6557.7521.0500.2486.5475.9458.6445.0
120°929.7679.4568.3523.8496.6475.4459.1437.4418.9
135°1068.0763.4618.5544.8510.7483.1458.4411.5361.1
150°1302.6907.3711.8598.8539.0508.5482.7435.3378.1
Run VMG1508.21047.7821.5690.4604.7555.8523.7475.5431.7
Selected Courses
Windward / Leeward1550.61099.4882.1763.8697.5665.1645.1619.8607.5
All purpose1168.9844.2693.0618.5579.8558.9544.5524.2510.6
Single Number Scoring Options
CourseTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Windward / Leeward733.70.8178
All purpose601.60.9974
 
Custom scoring options for Australia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Austria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Brazil
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Upwind "bolina"0.6969
Downwind "popa"0.8900
70% up, 30% down "Ilhabela"0.7454
30% up, 70% down "Ilhabela-inverso"0.8217
Custom scoring options for Bulgaria
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Predominantly Upwind656.20.9144
Predominantly Downwind601.10.9981
Custom scoring options for Canada
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low768.60.7807
Triple Number AP Medium597.01.0051
Triple Number AP High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1035.00.5797
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Single Number Predominant Upwind683.80.8774
Single Number Predominant Reaching597.91.0035
Single Number Predominant Downwind627.70.9559
Predominant Upwind - Low939.00.6389
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med717.10.8366
Predominant Upwind - Medium635.40.9443
Predominant Upwind - Med/High598.41.0027
Predominant Upwind - High584.41.0267
Predominant Downwind Low916.40.6548
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.60.8842
Predominant Downwind Medium580.11.0343
Predominant Downwind Med/High520.81.1522
Predominant Downwind High484.71.2380
Predominant Reaching Low819.40.7322
Predominant Reaching Low/Med630.60.9515
Predominant Reaching Medium560.31.0708
Predominant Reaching Med/High518.71.1568
Predominant Reaching High493.51.2159
SA/DSPL Upwind19.73SA/DSPL Downwind45.02
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1158.10.5181
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med845.20.7099
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium714.20.8401
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High648.60.9251
5-Band Windward/Leeward High622.00.9646
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1168.50.5135
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med858.90.6986
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium732.60.8190
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High672.80.8918
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High651.20.9214
5-Band AP Low846.20.7091
5-Band AP Low/Med672.30.8925
5-Band AP Medium589.21.0183
5-Band AP Med/High546.51.0979
5-Band AP High525.41.1421
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low998.80.6007
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med810.20.7406
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium693.00.8658
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.70.9439
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High611.10.9819
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8521
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8888
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9222
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6511
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6556
Harvest Moon Regatta523.91.1453
Custom scoring options for Cyprus
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Denmark
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Spain
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Coastal/Long Distance653.1
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Estonia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Finland
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
FinRating653.10.9187
FinRating, kevyt tuuli1135.10.8810
FinRating, kova tuuli529.10.9450
Custom scoring options for France
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Germany
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance0.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)674.2
Custom scoring options for Greece
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Hungary
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Israel
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Japan
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Korea
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.5
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.9
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.5
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.8
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.9
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.6
Predominantly Upwind656.2
Predominantly Downwind601.1
Predominantly Reaching581.8
Custom scoring options for Lithuania
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Netherlands
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Coastal/Long Distance0.9187
Predominantly Upwind0.9144
Predominantly Downwind0.9981
For information
General Purpose Handicap (GPH)674.2
Custom scoring options for Norway
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Distanseseilas Singeltall  (APH)0.9974
Distanseseilas Trippeltall svak vind0.7807
Distanseseilas Trippeltall mellomvind1.0052
Distanseseilas Trippeltall sterk vind1.1101
Pølsebane Trippeltall svak vind0.6056
Pølsebane Trippeltall mellomvind0.8254
Pølsebane Trippeltall sterk vind0.9366
Motvind Singeltall0.9144
Medvind Singeltall0.9981
Custom scoring options for Portugal
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Custom scoring options for Russia
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Predominantly Upwind656.20.9144
Predominantly Downwind601.10.9981
Custom scoring options for South Africa
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Cape Doctor Inshore611.20.9817
Cape Doctor Coastal514.71.1658
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Custom scoring options for Slovenia
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Custom scoring options for Switzerland
Scoring OptionTime On
Time
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low0.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium1.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High1.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low0.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium0.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High0.9366
Custom scoring options for Sweden
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Predominantly Upwind656.20.9144
Predominantly Downwind601.10.9981
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for Ukraine
Scoring OptionTime On
Distance
Time On
Time
Coastal/Long Distance653.10.9187
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Low768.50.7807
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance Medium596.91.0052
Triple Number Coastal/Long Distance High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low990.80.6056
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Performance Curve4 kt 6 kt 8 kt 10 kt 12 kt 14 kt 16 kt 20 kt 24 kt
Coastal/Long Distance1640.31094.2828.8692.1617.0579.1549.5502.9488.8
Custom scoring options for United States of America
Scoring OptionTODTOT
Triple Number AP Low768.60.7807
Triple Number AP Medium597.01.0051
Triple Number AP High540.51.1101
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Low1035.00.5797
Triple Number Windward/Leeward Medium726.90.8254
Triple Number Windward/Leeward High640.60.9366
Single Number Predominant Upwind683.80.8774
Single Number Predominant Reaching597.91.0035
Single Number Predominant Downwind627.70.9559
Predominant Upwind - Low939.00.6389
Predominant Upwind - Low/Med717.10.8366
Predominant Upwind - Medium635.40.9443
Predominant Upwind - Med/High598.41.0027
Predominant Upwind - High584.41.0267
Predominant Downwind Low916.40.6548
Predominant Downwind Low/Med678.60.8842
Predominant Downwind Medium580.11.0343
Predominant Downwind Med/High520.81.1522
Predominant Downwind High484.71.2380
Predominant Reaching Low819.40.7322
Predominant Reaching Low/Med630.60.9515
Predominant Reaching Medium560.31.0708
Predominant Reaching Med/High518.71.1568
Predominant Reaching High493.51.2159
SA/DSPL Upwind19.73SA/DSPL Downwind45.02
Scoring OptionTODTOT
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low1158.10.5181
5-Band Windward/Leeward Low/Med845.20.7099
5-Band Windward/Leeward Medium714.20.8401
5-Band Windward/Leeward Med/High648.60.9251
5-Band Windward/Leeward High622.00.9646
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low1168.50.5135
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Low/Med858.90.6986
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Medium732.60.8190
Windward/Leeward 60-40 Med/High672.80.8918
Windward/Leeward 60-40 High651.20.9214
5-Band AP Low846.20.7091
5-Band AP Low/Med672.30.8925
5-Band AP Medium589.21.0183
5-Band AP Med/High546.51.0979
5-Band AP High525.41.1421
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low998.80.6007
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Low/Med810.20.7406
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Medium693.00.8658
5-Band SF Bay Tour - Med/High635.70.9439
5-Band SF Bay Tour - High611.10.9819
Chicago-Mac Upwind0.8521
Chicago-Mac All Purpose0.8888
Chicago-Mac Downwind0.9222
Bayview-Mac Cove Island0.6511
Bayview-Mac Shore0.6556
Harvest Moon Regatta523.91.1453
Club Certificate2025
AiolosHUN 295
Hungarian Sailing Federation
2040 Budaörs
Liget utca 3/2
HUNGARY
Data in meters/kilograms (Metric)
HULL AND APPENDAGES (Lightship Trim)
ClassElan 295MeasurementHINPlan reviewHull constructionSolidCarbon rudderNoLight stanchionsNoTrim tabNo
LOA9.184Max. Beam2.954Draft1.790Displacement3,377Wetted area17.72IMS L8.419LSM08.131Acc. length9.184Sink (kg/mm) 13.70
VCGD0.214VCGM0.307RM Rated (kg·m) 48.1Limit of positive stability(°) N/AStability IndexN/ADefault crew weight512Declared crew weightN/A
PROPELLER
Propeller TypeFolding 2 blades
InstallationShaft exposedTwin screwNoHydro generatorNo
PRD0.390PBWPIPA0.0036
PSD0.025PHD0.050PHL0.140
PSA18.0°ESL1.000
ST10.015ST20.100ST30.080
ST40.050ST50.290
RIG
Forestay tensionAftInner stayNone FittedMast materialAluminumSingle headsail furlerNoMainsail furlerNoArticulated bowspritNoNon-circular riggingNoFiber riggingNoAdjustable mast footNoRunning backstays0CheckstaysSpreaders2Rotating mastNo
P11.750IG11.100ISP11.300MDT10.100MDL10.160MDT20.000MDL20.000TLTaperMW0.000GO0.000
E4.150J3.200BAS1.350FSDNo FoilSFJ0.000SPL3.330WPLTPSBD0.120MWTMCG
Flying Headsail Foretriangles IdISPTPS
FLOTATION AND STABILITY
Calculation methodVCG entered directlyVCG entered0.207Flotation Date17/11/2011
BALLAST
TANKS
INVENTORY
INVENTORY
Fixed Ballast Total0
Total deductible
Total deductible
Club Certificate2025
AiolosHUN 295
Hungarian Sailing Federation
2040 Budaörs
Liget utca 3/2
HUNGARY
MAINSAIL
IdMHBMUWMTWMHWMQWAreaMeas.DateCommentnew0.180.781.392.443.3027.3022/10/2021
HEADSAIL
IdHHBHUWHTWHHWHQWHLPHLUBtnFlyingFTAreaMeas.DateCommentnew 20.050.390.721.502.423.6010.57NoNo 17.2830.040.400.771.572.413.2710.70NoNo 17.1615/10/2011
SYMMETRIC SPINNAKER
IdSLUSLESLSHWSFLAreaMeas.DateCommentnew10.6710.6710.678.408.2774.4622/03/2021
CRUISER/RACER REQUIREMENTS*
Accommodation length9.2 mTable area0.44 m²Headroom1.64 mMinimum number of berths4Personal gear stowage0.16 m³Fresh water capacity64 lMinimum number of seats in cockpit4Food stowage0.24 m³Fuel capacity34 lCabin soleStovesSinksGalley gear stowageToiletWash basinNavigation areaHanging locker
*This list is a summary of the requirements. See IMS Appendix 1 for details.